Diagnosing acute stroke is a high-pressure decision. The speed with which treatment is delivered makes all the difference. Early treatment can stop brain damage, but if treatment is given inappropriately, it can dangerously increase the risk of bleeding in the brain.
Because of this risk, the final decision to administer stroke treatment-a clot-busting enzyme known as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-is usually reserved for neurologists or, in some cases, other attending physicians. But now a study conducted by researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis with neurology residents at Barnes-Jewish Hospital has shown that residents with appropriate training can safely make the call, ensuring that effective treatment is delivered faster.
"Door-to-needle" times, measured as the time between a patient's arrival and the administration of tPA, were reduced by 26%, from an average of 81 minutes to 60 minutes.
"What's critical here is ability to safely reduce 'door-to-needle' time without unnecessarily increasing the risk of a brain hemorrhage," says Jin-Moo Lee, M.D., Ph.D., director of the cerebrovascular section in Neurology at Washington University and Barnes-Jewish Hospital. "What we've shown is that with proper training, feedback and supervision, residents are more than capable of making this complex decision safely."
The study appears online in Stroke .
Although they have completed medical school and passed the license exams necessary to practice general medicine, residents are working in hospitals to undertake more advanced postgraduate training. A select group of critical life-and-death treatment decisions traditionally have been reserved only for physicians who have already completed their residencies.
Stroke treatment is one such decision. At academic and community medical centers, it is usually held for specialists in neurology, or, in some cases, emergency medicine. But while residents are almost always immediately available in the emergency room, neurologists may not be, and the time spent waiting for such a physician to be summoned can allow harm from the stroke to intensify and spread.
For the study, which began in 2004, neurology residents at Barnes-Jewish Hospital started taking an annual three- to four-hour mini-course on use of tPA. The course taught them how to appropriately choose candidates for tPA and how to administer it. After residents were given the authority to administer tPA, a committee of medical faculty and staff met monthly to review the case of every patient evaluated for stroke treatment, giving residents feedback on their decision-making.