Despite the promising findings of the PROTECT Pilot study, the larger PROTECT trial found no difference with rolofylline versus placebo with respect of the primary and main secondary end-points of the study. Although more rolofylline patients than placebo patients experienced moderate or marked dyspnea improvement at 24 and 48 hours from randomization, this was counterbalanced by a lack of effect on persistent renal impairment. Lastly, the risk of important neurological events was increased in patients on rolofylline.
Acute heart failure (HF) is the most common cause of hospitalization for patients aged >65 years. Its prevalence continues to rise as the population ages. It carries a high cost and a dismal prognosis with an in-hospital mortality rate of 3-8%, a 60-90 day mortality rate of 9-13%, and a short-term re-hospitalization rate of 25-30%. Despite this, there have been no significant recent advances in medical treatment. The cornerstones remain intravenous diuretics to manage congestion, often in conjunction with morphine and intravenous vasodilators, such as nitrates, to relieve dyspnea.
Many, indeed the majority, of patients hospitalised for HF have underlying chronic kidney disease or worsening renal function on admission or during their hospital course. Worsening renal function (WRF) and resistance to loop diuretics are consistently associated with poorer outcomes, including longer length of stay, higher in-hospital and post-discharge mortality rates, and increased readmission rates. Recently, adenosine has been implicated as an important mediator of both WRF and diuretic resistance as it causes a reduction in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and decreases sodium excretion. In the previously published PROTECT-Pilot study1, rolofylline treatment, at the 30 mg dose, was associated with trends toward better symptom improvement, lesser WRF, and fewer deaths or readmissions for HF or renal dysfunction over the next 60 days.
PROTECT (A Placebo-controlled Randomized study of the selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist KW-3902 for patients hospitalized with acute HF and volume Overload to assess Treatment Effect on Congestion and renal function Trial) was aimed at the assessment of the effects of rolofylline on symptoms, renal function and short-term morbidity and mortality in 2,033 patients hospitalised for HF within 24 hours with signs of fluid overload, impaired renal function (estimated GFR 20-80 ml/min) and high BNP or NT-proBNP plasma levels (>500 pg/mL or >2000 pg/ml, respectively). Patients were randomized 2:1 to rolofylline 30 mg/day or placebo, administered as a 4 hours daily infusion repeated for 3 days. Dyspnea was assessed on a 7-point Likert scale daily for the first 7 days (or until discharge, if earlier) and then at 14 days, after enrollment. Blood samples for measurements of serum creatinine were collected daily until day 7 (or until discharge, if earlier) and at day 14 after enrollment. Deaths were captured to day 180 and rehospitalisations were captured up to day 60 after enrollment.
The primary end-point of PROTECT was a three category ordered outcome of treatment success, patient unchanged, or treatment failure. Treatment success was defined as a moderate to marked better dyspnea at 24 and 48 hours after the start of study drug compared to baseline, in the absence of any criteria for treatment failure. Treatment failure included any of the following criteria: death or readmission for HF any time through Day 7; OR worsening symptoms and/or signs of HF occurring >24 hours after the start of study drug to Day 7 or discharge, whichever occurred first, OR persistent renal impairment as defined by a serum creatinine (SCr) increase of ≥0.3 mg/dL from randomization to Day 7, confirmed at Day 14, or the initiation of hemofiltration or dialysis through Day 7. Patients were categorized as unchanged if they did not meet criteria for either treatment success or treatment failure.
Secondary end-points were: time to death or rehospitalization for cardiovascular or renal causes through Day 60 and the proportion of subjects with persistent renal impairment defined as a SCr increase of ≥0.3 mg/dL from randomization to Day 7, confirmed at Day 14, or the initiation of hemofiltration or dialysis or death through Day 7.