We cannot adopt the salted foods. The growing Entropy is our fiercest enemy, and the salt is his perfect food. And we squander the energy against excess entropy, in our cells by excess (aerobic and anaerobic) energy expenditure of the sodium/potassium pumps. The « science » of salt, nutrition and health = Hear no truth, see no truth, speak no truth! Unfortunately, this is a global epidemic among « health scientists ». This is the Three Monkeys Syndrome. Optimal ratios & quantities are in human milk. From every viewpoint the human milk is an evolutionary perfect food, including minimal energy expenditure of the Na/K pump and kidney of babies = possible minimum « entropy-transfer » into babies = healthy growing with maximal economy. So, the human milk is perfect guide to calculate optimal adult intakes. But the scientists ignore these facts. The health sciences made experimental animals from the humanity. The entropy (the disorder) is nourished in us with Na-salts, but they don’t talk & write about this. They are treating only the symptoms and consequences of the Sodium-Induced Disorder. All the nutrition science is a big heap of junk.

The essence of the true science of the salt is very plain really. But at least in the past 50 years – the « health science » – worked on it, let nobody understand it. The real science of salt is a taboo, and this is a fatal error, because craziness (or villainy) to increase the water level deliberately, on an area hit with flood. The essence of the true science of salt is so simple. Kindergartener may understand it. Good education and really responsible scientists are needed, and will end of the pseudoscientific lies and meaningless « salt wars » forever.

Four new articles from the big heap of junk (including my comments):
( www.science20.com/.../science_on_salt_is_polarized_that_means_it_is_a_cultural_issue_and_not_a_health_one-166079 )

Ludovic Trinquart, David Merritt Johns and Sandro Galea:
Why do we think we know what we know? A metaknowledge analysis of the salt controversy
Int. J. Epidemiol. first published online February 17, 2016 doi:10.1093/ije/dyv184
ije.oxfordjournals.org/.../...dyv184.full.pdf+html
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295077608

Bruce Neal:
Commentary: The salt wars described but not explained—an invited commentary on ‘Why do we think we know what we know? A metaknowledge analysis of the salt controversy’
Int. J. Epidemiol. first published online February 17, 2016 doi:10.1093/ije/dyw005
ije.oxfordjournals.org/.../...dyw005.full.pdf+html
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295077829

Martin O’Donnell, Andrew Mente and Salim Yusuf:
Commentary: Accepting what we don’t know will lead to progress
Int. J. Epidemiol. first published online February 17, 2016 doi:10.1093/ije/dyw014
ije.oxfordjournals.org/.../...dyw014.full.pdf+html
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295077607

John P.A. Ioannidis:
Commentary: Salt and the assault of opinion on evidence
Int. J. Epidemiol. first published online February 17, 2016 doi:10.1093/ije/dyw015
ije.oxfordjournals.org/.../...dyw015.full.pdf+html
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295077828

In the original article and in the three commentaries nothing about Na/K pump. Four pseudoscientific waste. Only the pseudoscience of salt is polarized, because the true science of salt is ignored and censored globally. The science of salt, or more exactly the lack of real science of salt is a serious health issue and is a dangerous moral issue, or more exactly a serious moral problem. The real science of salt is undebatable clear, but it’s an ignored taboo, and it’s censored globally. The salt debate is only a meaningless, pseudoscientific waste.

I wrote here:
Debunked? Hunter-Gatherers Burned More Energy Than Modern People
www.science20.com/.../debunked_huntergatherers_burned_more_energy_modern_people-92641
in my comment – some unhealthy effects of high sodium intakes (on September 4 2012):
« 1. bigger and longer hunger stimulus – we overeat
2. we drink many sugary soft drinks – we get fat
3. we get tired soon, we move little
4. higher energy requirements for Na-K pump, and kidney
5. all the rest of our vital processes receive less energy (because the metabolic rate – speed and capacity of enzyme reactions etc. – is limited)
6. all of our vital processes work worse (including our heart, brain, immune system, etc.)
7. we get sick often, and We will die soon = Extra profit in food and pharmaceutical industry and health services, and savings in the pension funds. »

Unfortunately, even now this is the very sad reality. Where is the real knowledge? Only in ignored and censored traces!

Noncommunicable diseases prematurely take 16 million lives annually, WHO urges more action
www.who.int/.../

The optimal sodium intake isn’t more than 400-500 mg per day!

Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition (1989)
www.nap.edu/.../recommended-dietary-allowances-10th-edition

The optimum level (Na, K, Ca, Mg etc.) calculable from the composition of mature human milk. And the optimum is necessary for everyone!
(sodium/potassium ratio, ratio between sum of alkaline metals and sum of polyvalent metals, ratio between metals and energy content etc.)

Yamawaki N, Yamada M, Kan-no T, Kojima T, Kaneko T, Yonekubo A.:
Macronutrient, mineral and trace element composition of breast milk from Japanese women.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2005; 19(2-3): 171-81. Epub 2005 Oct 24. Source Nutrition Research Institute, Meiji Dairies Corporation, 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325533
www.sciencedirect.com/.../S0946672X05001008

Parr, R. M., DeMaeyer, E. M., Iyengar, V. G., Byrne, A. R., Kirkbright, G. F., Schöch, G., Niinistö, L., Pineda, O., Vis, H. L. Hofvander, Y. and Omololu, A.:
Minor and Trace Elements in Human Milk from Guatemala, Hungary, Nigeria,
Philippines, Sweden and Zaire – Results from a WHO/IAEA Joint Project.
Biological Trace Element Research 29 (1): 51-75. Apr. 1991
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1711362?dopt=Abstract

Z Sandor: Equivalency law in the metal requirement of the living organisms.
Acta Alimentaria 27 (4): 389-395. 1998.
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/262067162

WHO urges more action? First of all – the WHO must to remove his own pseudoscientific waste! No evidence for beneficial effect of 1 to 1 sodium/potassium molar ratio and 2000 mg sodium per day. That is only a pseudoscientific lie, repeated (again) by WHO in 2012-2013.

www.who.int/.../sodium_intake_printversion.pdf

www.who.int/.../potassium_intake_printversion.pdf

But is a typical pseudoscientific self-reference in these 2 junks – which was made also by WHO, in 2003:

Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic disease. Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO), 2003
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_916.pdf

And the « scholars » and researchers simply tolerate and spread this pseudoscience – for example:

J Webster et al.:
Salt Intakes, Knowledge, and Behavior in Samoa: MonitoringSalt-Consumption Patterns Through the World Health Organization’s Surveillance of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors (STEPS)
Journal of Clinical Hypertension February 2016 
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jch.12778/full
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292990065
(note: including my comment)

Some references:

Kleiber, M.: Body size and metabolism.
Hilgardia 6, 315-353 (1932)
hilgardia.ucanr.edu/Abstract/?a=hilg.v06n11p315
ucanr.edu/.../fileaccess.cfm

Fernando J. Ballesteros, Vicent J. Martínez, Andrés Moya and Bartolo Luque:
Energy balance and the origin of Kleiber’s law
arxiv.org/vc/arxiv/papers/1407/1407.3659v1.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263930177

De Luise et al.: Reduced activity of the red-cell sodium-potassium pump in human obesity.
The New England Journal of Medicine 1980 Oct 30; 303(18): 1017-22. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198010303031801
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6252462
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/16942738
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198010303031801

H X Li: A study on the relationship between reduced activity of red cell membrane sodium-potassium pump and essential hypertension
Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi 10(2):98-101 · May 1989
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20612432

Henningsen N.C.: The sodium pump and energy regulation: some new aspects for essential hypertension, diabetes II and severe overweight.
Klinische Wochenschrift 63 Suppl 3:4-8. 1985.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2582182
www.researchgate.net/.../20574397_The_sodium_pump_and_energy_regulation_Some_new_aspects_for_essential_hypertension_diabetes_II_and_severe_overweight
Abstract: « There is a growing evidence for that in modern societies the function of the cellular sodium-potassium pump (membrane-bound Na+ K+ ATPase) in several tissues in man cannot respond adequately to demands. This is not seen in any other free-living vertebrates on this earth. The clearly unphysiological very high intake of sodium-chloride (salt) and also alcohol is definitely playing an important role in the development of the common degenerating metabolic aberrations, e.g. essential hypertension, diabetes II and severe overweight, in man. The special and overall important role of the sodium-potassium pump for optimal cellular function and regeneration with special reference to the vascular tissues is presented and discussed. »
Oops, the capacity of the floor gas sodium-potassium pump (anaerobic turbo pump) is not enough, our cells are dying. And this was clear in 1985!

Toshimasa Osaka, Akiko Kobayashi, and Shuji Inoue: Thermogenesis induced by osmotic stimulation of the intestines in the rat
J Physiol. 2001 April 1; 532(Pt 1): 261–269.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278526/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12050801
(this very valuable article was strongly censored, and is ignored)

Ram K. Mathur: Role of diabetes, hypertension, and cigarette smoking on atherosclerosis
J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2010 Apr-Jun; 1(2): 64–68.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945206/
From the article: « Osaka et al.[7-9] infused hypertonic solution of glucose, NaCl, fructose, … The mechanism of thermogenesis is not clear. However, it may involve intestinal osmoreceptors. … Patients are advised to stay away from fatty foods, which obviously does not help because fatty meal is not the cause for atherosclerosis. Therefore, the researchers should first examine the cause of the disease before trying to cure it; otherwise, we will be treating symptoms rather than curing the disease itself. … Finally, this field requires some broad theories and hypotheses explaining the involvement of foods, diabetes, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and others in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. We have a mission but are lacking the vision. That is why we have not made any progress even though we have worked on it for more than 50 years. »
Not clear? Floor gas Na/K pump and kidney use more energy (ATP) caused by NaCl. Must « burn » anaerobic from the glycogen reserve for the excess ADP –> ATP reactions! And see Henningsen 1985, our cells are dying.

Combo of overweight, high sodium intake speeds cell aging in teens
American Heart Association Meeting Report Abstract MP64 (March 20, 2014)
blog.heart.org/.../
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274965710
newsroom.heart.org/.../combo-of-overweight-high-sodium-intake-speeds-cell-aging-in-teens
Overweight or not, young or not – unnecessary sodium intake speeds (cell) aging.