People who use their computers to find information about their chronic disease often wind up in worse condition than if they had listened to their doctor, according to a University College London (UCL) review of studies on internet health.
Using interactive computer tools does improve the medical knowledge of people with diabetes, asthma or other chronic conditions, and does provide them with positive feelings of social support, according to researchers reviewing 28 randomized controlled trials involving 4,042 participants. But there was no evidence that cyber-medicine helps people change their behavior and startling evidence that it may leave them in worse health.
"This whole finding confounds conventional wisdom," says lead author Dr Elizabeth Murray of UCL’s Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences. The authors looked at studies that measured the effectiveness of Interactive Health Communication Applications (IHCAs) on people's information gain, feelings of social support, self-efficacy, behavior change and overall clinical outcomes.
IHCAs had a positive effect on people's information gain and feelings of social support; no effect on self-efficacy (the belief that behavior change is possible) or on actual behavior change; and a strikingly negative effect on outcomes.
Dr Murray said there are two possible reasons for the paradox between active knowledge-seekers and their seemingly worsening health.
One reason may be that when they learn of small, but important, statistical effects of a treatment they become less frightened and thus unmotivated to change the way they might if a doctor bluntly told a person with diabetes to control her sugar or face death. "But actually," Murray explains, "if you become more knowledgeable you realize it's all rather a long way off. They are less frightened and that reduces their motivation to be really strict in their control."
A second reason might be because knowledge-seekers become so steeped in information from the Internet they make treatment choices on their own, contradicting advice from their doctors. For instance, a diabetic person might be told by a doctor to lower blood sugar but decide, based on his own interpretation of data, that the short-term tradeoffs of not complying are worth the long-term risks.
"We found that people who use these things (IHCAs) had more sugar in their blood than those who didn't," Dr Murray said.
The researchers cannot explain the finding that the interventions had no effect on behavior change but nevertheless resulted in worse outcomes. Murray and her team conclude that more research is needed to fully understand the negative effect of interactive health applications on clinical outcomes and whether some computer health programs can be designed to improve them.