FRET, or fluorescent resonance energy transfer, is an imaging techniques used to visualize interactions between proteins in real time. E-FRET is a more powerful version of FRET which accounts for weaknesses in the original FRET method, allowing for more comparisons between laboratories and for more repeated measurements.
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From FRET to E-FRET
In traditional FRET, excitation of a fluorophore, such as GFP located on one macromolecule leads to the excitation being transferred to an acceptor on another macromolecule. The switch from donor to acceptor indicates that the two macromolecules are interacting. FRET acts only at very short range, less than 10 nm, meaning the macromolecules are very close to each other and most likely interacting.
This interaction can be imaged in three different ways. One is quenching of the donor fluorophore which can be detected by measuring the recovery of donor fluorescence when the acceptor has been photobleached.
The second is the induction of acceptor fluorescence of the acceptor when the donor is excited. Lastly, the lifetime and polarization of donor fluorescence, which is altered during FRET, can be seen using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM).
The second method is becoming increasingly popular partly because it can be applied to live cells, unlike the first method. However, FRET indices can highly contentious due to differences between donor, acceptor, or both being used to denominate the index and due to photobleaching induced by repeated imaging. E-FRET is a special version of FRET developed to account for these issues.
E-FRET basics
To accurately measure molecular interactions, the FRET efficiency, which depends on the instrument, must be measured. This efficiency is the proportion of transferred excited states from donor to acceptor, and can be measured as the apparent or absolute efficiency.
When imaging live cells with dynamic interactions, only relative FRET efficiency is possible, whereas absolute efficiency can be measured using in vitro samples. E-FRET combines the use of sensitized emission-based FRET for use in live cells with measurements of absolute efficiency.
In E-FRET, the imaging system is calibrated for the relationship between efficiency and sensitized emission. In total, three images are taken: DA image of acceptor emission during donor excitation, AA image of acceptor fluorescence during acceptor excitation, and DD image of donor fluorescence during donor excitation.
The spectral crosstalk between three images is compared using acceptor and donor references. The calibration factors of the system are then determined via using a combined donor and acceptor reference.
Applications and developments
Using E-FRET, a number of protein behaviors and structures can be elucidated. For example, E-FRET can be used to show structure of proteins, receptor and ligand interactions, membrane fusion assays, distribution of proteins in a cell spatially and temporally, and structure of nucleic acids.
Currently, E-FRET imaging is done manually where each complete FRET measurement takes around 12 seconds for a seasoned researcher familiar with the equipment and interpretation of FRET signal. As dynamical quantitative FRET measurements are difficult using a manual FRET microscope, E-FRET has been recently automated. This version takes only three seconds to perform all the necessary FRET measurements, and can performed on dynamic, live cells.
Further Reading