Better educated a woman is, the more likely she is to sleep through the night

Women have higher rates of insomnia than men, but the better educated a woman is, the more likely she is to sleep through the night, finds a large study in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

Conversely, the better educated a man is, the less likely he is to get a good night's sleep, the research shows.

The findings are based on a nationally representative Taiwanese survey on social trends, involving nearly 40,000 people aged 15 and older.

Questions included marital status, employment/occupation, educational attainment, and household income, as well as the number of family members under the age of 15. Insomnia was assessed using criteria developed by the World Health Organization, and scored on a scale of 1 to 5.

Overall, insomnia tended to be more common among those who were older, divorced/separated, had low educational attainment, poor health, or low income. Children living at home also increased the rates of insomnia.

These findings applied to both sexes, but rates of insomnia were still significantly higher among women, who averaged 1.22 more points on the insomnia scale than men.

Sex differences in insomnia score were most noticeable for divorced/separated women. The stress associated with single parenthood, loss of income, or the stigma of a marriage break-down could all be possible factors, suggest the authors.

Unemployment also exerted a greater impact on women's sleep quality, particularly married women. Sex discrimination in the workplace and childcare responsibilities might account for this, suggest the authors.

And whereas higher educational attainment improved women's night time sleep quality, it had the opposite effect on men.

Globally, women are up to twice as likely to be insomniac as men, say the authors. Social factors undoubtedly play their part, but do not fully explain these differences, they add

Contacts: Dr Ying-Yeh Chen, Taipei City Psychiatric Centre, Taipei City, Taiwan Tel: +886 2 2733 7476 Email: [email protected] or Professor John Ashton (joint editor, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health), Department of Sociology, Social Policy, and Social Work Studies, University of Liverpool, UK Tel: +44 (0)161 952 4432; Mobile: +44 (0)786 753 8087

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