Although calcium supplements might prevent development of polyps that sometimes lead to colon cancer, there is not enough evidence that the mineral can prevent colorectal cancer itself, according to a new study.
The study, a review of two earlier well-designed randomized controlled trials, found a moderate protective effect on development of colorectal adenomatous polyps, the small, generally benign types that about 30 percent of middle-aged and older Americans have. But "this does not constitute sufficient evidence to recommend the general use of calcium supplements to prevent colorectal cancer," says an Israeli team of researchers headed by Michael Asher Weingarten of Rabin Medical Centre.
Polyps can lead to colorectal cancer if unchecked. Because it is difficult to conduct studies on the effect of preventive doses of calcium on colorectal cancer itself -- due to the relatively small number of cases and the length of time they could be watched -- the reviewers looked instead at prevention of polyps, which occur frequently in the population, as a potential predictor of later cancer.
Previous experiments in animals and surveys of people who had high calcium diets have indicated a possible protective effect. In looking at the two best studies done so far, Weingarten and colleagues found results that "suggest a clinically relevant protective effect of dietary calcium supplementation on the development of colorectal adenomatous polyps."
"Although it is likely to be safe, this … would need to be more clearly demonstrated in further controlled studies before any attempt at widespread introduction into clinical practice," they say.
The review appears in the current issue of The Cochrane Library, a publication of The Cochrane Collaboration, an international organization that evaluates medical research. Systematic reviews draw evidence-based conclusions about medical practice after considering both the content and quality of existing medical trials on a topic.
Dr. Anca Zalmanovici, one of the review's authors, says "calcium supplementation is relatively cheap, likely to be safe, readily available and has other positive metabolic effects on conditions that occur with aging," such as osteoporosis, high blood pressure, kidney stones and weight gain.
If further studies confirm calcium as effective, the review says it could be given to people who had polyps before and who are thus are at higher risk of getting colorectal cancer.
The review cautions that higher doses of calcium taken over longer periods of time, while perhaps needed, also may not be well tolerated by some subjects. At the same time, it notes that no evidence exists that calcium supplements up to 2,000 mg a day would be detrimental to those taking such supplements. As a general rule, people need about 1,750 mg of calcium a day. Standard dosages for over-the-counter elemental calcium supplements range from 500 mg to 1,500 mg a day.