Previous research has shown that post-surgery rates of disease and death are two-to-five times greater among long-term alcoholics than nonalcoholic patients. Of all the possible complications, infection can be the most serious. A study in the September issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research finds that long-term alcoholics are at a higher risk for postoperative infections following elective cardiac surgery than nonalcoholic patients are.
"Other studies have shown that 20 to 30 percent of all patients admitted to a hospital are alcohol abusers," said Michael Sander, a researcher at Charité Hospital at the University of Berlin and corresponding author for the study. "The highest prevalence of this abuse is detected in the third to fifth decade of life. We also know that surgical complications can increase with the daily intake of 60 grams, which is about three glasses of beer or wine."
Alcohol is a drug, added Jan-Philipp Breuer, also a researcher at Charité Hospital at the University of Berlin. "And whether a drug is good or bad for you and your body depends – as is the case with all drugs – on the dose. You may treat your hypertension with beta-blockers to feel better, or you may kill yourself with them in an act of suicide – it's all a matter of dose. Researchers recommend a low dose of alcohol, such as one glass of red wine per day, to prevent myocardial infarction … but three bottles of beer per day has been proven to harm the body. In particular, it weakens the immune system, which every operative patient needs in order to fight postoperative infections."
Sander also noted that the hospital costs of alcohol-related complications can be considerable. "If we estimate a cost of $2,000 in U.S. dollars (USD) per day for intensive-care treatment, a prolonged stay of five days at $10,000 USD per patient can quickly add up."
Researchers examined 44 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery: 10 long-term alcoholics (9 males, 1 female), and 34 nonalcoholics (27 males, 7 females). All of the patients' health and drinking histories were obtained prior to surgery. Blood samples for immune-status analysis – specifically, levels of TNF-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and cortisol – were obtained upon admission to the hospital, the morning before surgery, on admission to the ICU, and the mornings of days one and three following surgery.