A major study that will provide a new window into understanding and potentially treating allergies will be conducted by the La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology (LIAI) under a $5 million federal contract.
The five-year study, funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, could lead to revolutionary new approaches for treating allergies based on targeting T cells, white blood cells that regulate the immune response and which are some of the principal warriors in the body's defense.
LIAI, a nonprofit organization and one of the world's leading immunology research centers, will partner on the study with clinical researchers at the University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego) and the National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver, Colorado. Both centers will set up human subject protocols involving allergy sufferers who will donate blood for the LIAI study. “We are excited by this research partnership that directly connects the basic immunology science that LIAI is renowned for with the clinical work in patients at these two fine institutions,” said LIAI's Alessandro Sette, Ph.D., principal investigator on the allergy contract.
The study will involve 200 donors over five years and will look at 32 common allergen sources, such as trees, grasses, weeds, fungi, mites, insects and mammals. Food allergies are not part of the study.
Howard Grey, M.D., project co-investigator, said the study will push knowledge of allergies to a deeper level. “The whole field has been dominated by the analysis of the antibody response, because that's what causes many of the symptoms of the disease – the sneezing, sniffling, coughing and so forth,” he said, noting that the discovery of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody in 1966 by Kimishige Ishizaka, M.D., Ph.D. and his wife, Teruko Ishizaka, Ph.D., who later helped launch LIAI, revolutionized allergy research.
“Now the scientific community has the tools to take our knowledge even further by analyzing T cell responses,” he said. “It seems in keeping with our history that LIAI will now lead the next step – breaking down the allergy response to its most basic molecular level.”
Results from the project will be available to scientists worldwide via the NIAID's Immune Epitope Database (IEDB), the world's largest research database on how the immune system responds to infectious diseases, allergens and other agents. The database, developed by LIAI under an NIAID contract, is a public health tool designed to speed the development of vaccines and treatments by sharing important research data with scientists around the globe.
Mitchell Kronenberg, Ph.D., LIAI president & scientific director, said the project is a perfect fit with LIAI because it is developing the IEDB. In addition, allergies are a cornerstone of its immunology-focused research activities. “Many people may not be aware that the immune system plays a role in so many diseases -- from cancer to infectious diseases,” he said. “Allergies are no exception, and result from inappropriate or overactive immune responses.” Kronenberg said the study also enables further collaboration between LIAI, now located in the new Science Research Park at UC San Diego, and the University's researchers.
Sette said the project will map down to the level of molecules and atoms the chemical structures recognized by the immune system and which cause it to initiate an allergic reaction. “This has the potential to directly impact all people who are afflicted with allergies, because it may lead to new, more effective ways of diagnosing and treating these diseases.” According to the NIAID, allergic diseases affect as many as 40 to 50 million Americans, and they are among the major causes of illness and disability in the United States. Allergies can also lead to asthma, a respiratory disorder that accounts for one-quarter of all emergency room visits in the U.S. each year.