With an ever ageing population and more people surviving a heart attack, heart failure is now the world's most prevalent chronic cardiovascular disease.
Yet despite improvements in its diagnosis and management, heart failure remains a stubbornly incurable condition with a poor prognosis, largely amenable to little more than palliative therapy.
Heart failure describes a syndrome of symptoms without a single diagnostic test. However, the discovery and application of markers of disease (biomarkers) have improved risk stratification in heart failure and made earlier detection possible. Now, reports in the April issue of the European Journal of Heart Failure suggest two more efficient applications of biomarkers, and with them the promise of even earlier diagnosis and improved treatment.
1. According to results from a study in Hull, UK, repeat measurement of the well established biomarker N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) once treatment has been optimised provides stronger prognostic information than either the baseline value, the change in NT-proBNP, or other conventional methods of assessment. (1)
The finding emerged from a study of 354 patients with chronic heart failure treated in a community-based heart failure programme. Measurement of (NT-proBNP) was performed at baseline and, in those surviving (318), once again between the fourth and sixth month of follow-up. During the study follow-up period (a median of 39 months) 125 patients died, and analysis showed that follow-up NT-proBNP measurement proved a better predictor of death than either baseline NT-proBNP or change in NT-proBNP. Indeed, say the authors, NT-proBNP "was consistently the strongest independent prognostic marker at predicting death or unplanned cardiovascular hospitalisations after baseline or follow-up assessment".
First author Dr Milos Kubanek from Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, UK, added: "NT-proBNP monitoring will enable the identification of patients who are not responding well to treatment or help flag those patients needing more aggressive management and monitoring. We found NT-proBNP to be a much stronger predictor of mortality and CV-hospitalisation than echocardiographic measurements of, for example, ejection fraction, and therefore repeat NT-proBNP measurement may enable a reduction in the number of repeat echocardiograms.
"We suggest that the main role of conventional echocardiography should be to diagnose and differentiate the principal causes of heart failure, with subsequent NT-proBNP monitoring used to identify worsening disease and trigger further echocardiographic assessment. Given the relatively high cost of echocardiography compared to NT-proBNP, such a policy is likely to be cost effective."
2. A study from Sweden suggests the combined application of two independently established biomarkers gives better prognostic information about the risk of cardiovascular mortality in heart failure patients than just one biomarker.(2) This was a study of 464 elderly patients with the symptoms of heart failure followed up over a ten-year period Linkoping University Hospital. Throughout that time serum measurements of the biomarker cystatin C (a marker of renal function) were taken, with results showing that those with levels within the highest quartile had almost three times the risk of cardiovascular death than those with levels in the first, second, or third quartiles.