New stem cell studies at the University of Maryland Dental School demonstrate that surgeons could one day routinely use strong, moldable, and injectable pastes to regenerate needed bone tissue to repair broken bones, fractures, genetic defects, even combat bone wounds.
The Dental School's Huakun Xu, PhD, MS; Michael Weir, PhD, MS; and Ryan Zhao, MD, PhD, presented their findings today at the World Stem Cell Summit at the Baltimore Convention Center before hundreds of stem cell experts from 25 countries.
The Dental School presentation showed that human stem cells seeded in a tissue engineering scaffolding exhibited "excellent attachment and osteogenic differentiation," which is the process of laying down new bone material.
The researchers said the new findings buoy hopes that an injectable paste of stem cells will be available one day to fill any shape of cavity from bone defects, breaks or wounds by regenerating needed bone tissue.
In test tube studies, stem cells from bone marrow, when placed into an injectable scaffold of calcium phosphate and chitosan, started growing and forming minerals needed for new bone tissue.
Xu, an associate professor, is the principal investigator of a $230,000 grant from the Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund for "Stem Cell Delivery via Injectable, Nano-apatite Scaffolds for Bone Engineering," and a $1.84 million grant from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research.
The Dental School researchers have so far tested four scaffolding materials for gripping and holding the stem cells. "Which of the materials will be used in a commercial product really depends on where you want to place the material, whether in the jaw bone, the cranium or other bones," said Weir, a research assistant professor.
Weir said, "Ultimately we want this to be an injectable paste so we can put it into voids that are not square, rectangular or circular, that they are irregular shapes that need to be filled. The paste will include the cells."
Xu added that such a product could also be used in periodontal bone repair, mandibular and maxillary ridge augmentation, reconstruction of frontal sinus and craniofacial skeletal defects, and other stress-bearing orthopedic applications. After a tumor removal or traffic accident, there may be a need to repair the damage or void left. It will beneficial, he said, to have a paste that can be shaped easily to achieve a high degree of aesthetics. After shaping, the paste hardens to form a solid scaffold full of pores and channels and still containing stem cells throughout, still living and growing to form new bone. Eventually the scaffold material degrades and is replaced entirely by new bone tissue grown from the stem cells.
The researchers found that a significant number of the cells were alive after a few weeks in the scaffolding material. They then discovered that the cells were differentiating into osteoblasts, essentially turning into bone cells. (From Greek words for bone, an osteoblast cell is responsible for bone formation.)
After staining the scaffold, the researchers found the osteoblasts forming "a lot" of the mineral, which then forms the bone after only 21 days, said Weir. In a subsequent experiment, the cells survived even better when mixed in a gel of the scaffolding material.