Genetically engineered mice, created at the University of Michigan Medical School, are living every dieter's dream.
They eat unlimited amounts of high-fat mouse chow, but have about 50 percent less body fat than normal mice on a low-fat diet. And they show no signs of diabetes or other metabolic disorders, which are common in animals with too little fat.
But don't stock up on potato chips and ice cream just yet. The genetically altered mice are leaner than normal mice, but they also have some less-than-desirable characteristics – such as underdeveloped mammary glands, an inability to generate body heat and skin that's twice as thick as normal.
All these changes appear to be caused by a protein called Wnt10b, which is present in artificially high amounts in fat tissue from the experimental mice. Wnt10b is one of a family of 19 related proteins. Wnts (pronounced “wints”) regulate the complex changes that take place as an embryo grows. Part of this process is the development of fatty adipose tissue, which contains fat cells called adipocytes.
Ormond A. MacDougald, Ph.D., an associate professor of molecular and integrative physiology in the U-M Medical School, has spent years studying the effects of Wnt10b on the development of adipocytes. In August 2000, MacDougald and his colleagues published a paper in Science, showing that Wnt10b gene activity repressed fat cell development in tissue cultures.
Now, in the first study in living animals, MacDougald and Kenneth A. Longo, Ph.D, a U-M research fellow in physiology, have demonstrated that Wnt10b has the same effect on fatty tissue in mice.
“High levels of Wnt10b expression produced animals with 50 percent less body fat and fewer fat cells, regardless of whether the mice ate a high-fat or low-fat diet,” MacDougald says.
Results of the U-M experiments were posted this month on the Journal of Biological Chemistry's “JBC Online” Web site.
“To determine the effect of the gene on adipose tissue development, we created an artificial sequence of DNA called a transgene linking Wnt10b to another gene called the FABP4 promoter, which is expressed only in adipose tissue,” Longo says. “We injected the transgene DNA into fertilized mouse eggs and bred mice that inherited the new gene to create the animals used in our study. Under the control of the FABP4 promoter, fatty tissue in the transgenic mice contained 50 times the amount of Wnt10b found in adipose tissue from normal mice.”
Longo and MacDougald discovered that Wnt10b had a different effect on the two types of fat found in normal mice. White fat is a storage reservoir for excess energy. Brown fat is a specialized form of adipose tissue, found in small mammals and human newborns, which generates heat to keep the animal warm. While the transgenic mice in the U-M study had half as much white fat as normal mice, they had virtually no brown fat at all. This made it impossible for them to maintain their core body temperature, leaving them very vulnerable to cold.
For reasons U-M scientists don't understand, the transgenic mice had skin that was twice as thick and much heavier than normal mice. Another puzzling and unexpected finding from the study was that the transgenic mice consumed slightly less oxygen.
But perhaps the most surprising thing about the U-M's transgenic mice was their general state of robust good health.
“When we started making these animals, we thought they would have reduced amounts of fat, and thus suffer from metabolic complications, including diabetes,” Longo says. “Adipose tissue produces proteins, such as leptin and adiponectin, which affect the body's ability to respond to insulin. Reduced insulin sensitivity is one of the first symptoms of diabetes. So having little or no white fat is just as devastating to your health as having too much fat.”