In a developing embryo, the growth of nerves cannot outpace the establishment of life-giving blood vessels. Now, researchers have found that a protein intimately involved in blood vessel patterning actually belongs to a family of proteins known to guide neural development.
The researchers said the studies provide more evidence of communication between developing nerves and blood vessels. Understanding how those networks talk to each other could help researchers devise methods to prevent blood vessel growth in tumors selectively - an approach to cancer treatment known as anti-angiogenesis.
The research team, which included Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators David D. Ginty and Thomas M. Jessell, published its findings November 18, 2004, in Science Express, the early online version of the journal Science. Co-first authors of the paper were Chenghua Gu in Ginty's laboratory at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Yutaka Yoshida in Jessell's laboratory at Columbia University.
In their experiments, the researchers explored the roles of two proteins involved in vascular development. One of the molecules, Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), is a member of a family of protein signals that guides the growth of nerve cells. The other protein, plexin-D1, is a receptor protein that nestles in the membranes of growing cells and responds to external signaling proteins.
Ginty said that before the current study, plexin-D1 was known to be important for vascular development, but the specific signal to which it responded was a mystery. The molecule was also considered an important receptor in nerve cell development, and for that reason Jessell's laboratory was actively investigating plexin-D1.
Studies by Ginty and others, including former HHMI investigator Marc Tessier-Lavigne, who is now at Genentech, had shown that some of the semaphorins bind to a receptor called neuropilin, which is critical for vascular patterning in the embryo. However, in their earlier work, Gu, Ginty, and co-author Alex Kolodkin showed that semaphorins do not need to bind to neuropilin for normal patterning to occur.
“That work set us looking for other potential mechanisms by which semaphorins might control vascular pattern development,” said Ginty. The researchers found Sema3E in regions of the developing embryo that suggested that it should have a role in the patterning of blood vessels. They also found a strikingly similar pattern of expression of the blood vessel cell receptor plexin-D1, leading the researchers to hypothesize that Sema3E might be the signaling molecule that interacts with plexin-D1. If this were true, it suggested that Sema3E exerts a “repulsive” force, channeling the blood vessels to grow along their proper course.
Meanwhile, Yoshida discovered that unlike other members of the same protein family, Sema3E binds selectively to plexin-D1 - a strong hint that the two signals work together to control vascular patterning. Yoshida also found that Sema3E can bind to plexin-D1 whether or not it binds to neuropilin.