Heart attacks can be triggered by physical exertion and emotional stress

Philip Strike and Andrew Steptoe of University College London, in a review published in the current issue of Psychosomatic Medicine, of dozens of studies done between 1970 and 2004 have come up with compelling evidence that indicates that people with a history of heart disease, can trigger heart attacks, some of them fatal, by physical exertion and emotional stress.

They found that “physical exertion has an apparently paradoxic association with triggering” severe chest pain, heart attack or sudden death.

Physically fit people enjoy a reduced risk of heart attacks, while inactive cardiac patients who suddenly engage in vigorous activity may do so at their peril.

They point out that the triggers for heart attacks may be quite different from the factors that lead to development of coronary heart disease over the long term, such as cigarette smoking, lack of exercise, work stress, social isolation, anxiety and depression.

One study found that people who exercised rarely were nearly seven times more likely to suffer a heart attack after strenuous exertion than those who exercised more than three times a week, but the risk of cardiac events after any single bout of activity remains less than one in a million, including sexual activity, where there is also a slightly elevated risk for heart patients.

Steptoe says strong social support and marital relationships promote physical well-being, and it is much more important for people to maintain good personal and sexual relationships than it is to worry about such a small increase in risk.

Emotional distress, along with natural disasters, war and sporting events may also trigger heart attacks in vulnerable individuals.

The evidence of triggering by physical exertion and emotional stress is compelling, and it is possible that triggers are more potent when acting in combination or when they are present at particular times of day.

The results are often collected by asking patients or survivors to compare normal activity with what they did immediately before the heart attack and these reports are susceptible to memory loss, social acceptability bias and to patients’ private beliefs about the causes of heart disease.

Also, some apparent triggers may actually be symptoms, rather than causes, of the earliest stages of a heart attack. The review has important implications for clinicians. “Physicians and cardiologists need to talk to patients with ACS (acute coronary syndromes) about their experiences in the hours leading up to the cardiac event,” says Steptoe, because if for example, a heart attack occurs after vigorous exertion, the patient may be frightened of future exercise and patients need to realize that they would still benefit greatly from regular physical activity.

There is growing evidence linking various psychosocial factors with coronary artery disease, and the Journal of the American College of Cardiology recently featured an article on the emerging field of “behavioural cardiology.” Dr. Alan Rozanski, of St Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Centre and Columbia University in New York, lead author says “The real battlefield has become ‘What should cardiologists do with this information?’ given that there are no guidelines for integrating the management of psychological factors into cardiac practice.”

The article recommends that, for now, cardiac specialists screen for psychosocial issues, recognize that some of these issues can be managed within cardiac practice and consider referring patients with severe psychological issues to appropriate specialists.

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