Despite a decade of initiatives to remedy health disparities in cardiovascular medicine, at least some aspects of the treatment of U.S. patients hospitalized for heart attacks continues to vary according to sex and race, according to a study by researchers at Emory University in collaboration with Yale University and other centers.
The results, reported in this week's New England Journal of Medicine, found a consistent pattern of less intensive treatment offered to women and black heart-attack patients.
When a patient has a heart attack, clearing blocked arteries and restoring blood flow as quickly as possible can be the difference between life and death. While heart-attack care improved over the past decade, the study found that disparities in the use of medications and diagnostic procedures remained consistent.
The team of investigators from Emory, Yale, and other U.S. institutions studied the records of 598,911 white and black patients treated for heart attacks between 1994 and 2002 at 658 hospitals participating in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction, sponsored by the Genentech Corporation. They examined differences by sex and race in the use of reperfusion therapy (the use of a drug or invasive catheter procedure to open an artery blocked by a clot); coronary angiography (a diagnostic procedure used to identify blockages in the heart's circulation); aspirin; and beta-blocker therapy. In order to eliminate differences attributable to illness of the patients, they included only patients who were ideal candidates for therapy.
Although observed differences in the use of medications such as aspirin and beta-blockers between white, black, male and female patients became small after accounting for other patient characteristics associated with sex and race, the study found that rates of reperfusion therapy, coronary angiography and in-hospital death after heart attack varied according to race and sex. The rate of treatments went progressively down in white women, black men and black women compared with white men, with black women found to have the lowest use of interventions. For example, black women with the appropriate indications for therapy had 10 percent lower rates of reperfusion therapy and 24 percent lower rates of angiography compared to white men. Black women also had the highest in-hospital mortality rates –– 11 percent higher than white men –– among the four sex and race groups. In contrast, differences in treatment and mortality between white women and white men were generally small.
Although a number of studies have shown disparities in cardiovascular treatment, this study was unique in that the researchers were looking for changes in disparities over time. They were surprised to discover that differences by sex and race were essentially unchanged between 1994 and 2002 and there was no trend toward a lessening of the treatment gaps for women and blacks in recent years.