New research has shown that women who ate a lot of beef while pregnant had sons who were more likely to suffer from poor sperm quality as adults, and it suggests that the growth promoters used in cattle may play a role in these men's reduced fertility.
The study of men living in the USA and born between 1949 and 1983 revealed that those whose mothers ate more than seven beef meals a week had a sperm concentration that was over 24% lower than in men whose mothers ate less beef. In addition, three times more sons of high beef consumers had a sperm concentration that would be classified as sub-fertile according to World Health Organization standards, in comparison to men whose mothers ate less beef.
Professor Shanna Swan, the lead author of the study that is published online in Human Reproduction journal, said: "These findings suggest that maternal beef consumption is associated with lower sperm concentration and possible sub-fertility, associations that may be related to the presence of anabolic steroids and other xenobiotics in beef."
In the Associate Editor's Commentary to the study, Frederick vom Saal, professor of biology at the University of Missouri, Columbia, USA, warned that if foreign chemicals (xenobiotics) such as anabolic steroids were involved in reducing sperm quality, it could be just "the tip of the iceberg" and that the xenobiotics might be involved in other reproductive problems as well.
"Furthermore, women would also be expected to be affected by developmental exposure to xenobiotic hormones; studies relating maternal beef consumption to daughters, incidence of polycystic ovarian syndrome, age at puberty and postnatal growth rate would be predicted to show a significant relationship," he said.
Growth promoters for cattle, such as the synthetic hormone diethylstilbestrol (DES), have been used in the USA since 1954. Although DES was banned for use in cattle in 1979, other hormones such as oestradiol, testosterone, progesterone, zeranol, trenbolone acetate and melengestrol continue to be used. Residues of these chemicals remain in the meat after slaughter and so, in the USA, the FDA has regulated their use to avoid unintended adverse effects in humans eating the meat and defined an "acceptable daily intake". The International Joint Food and Agricultural Organization's World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has also published ADIs. In Europe, the use of these hormones has been banned since 1988.
"These ADIs are based on traditional toxicological testing, and the possible effects on human populations exposed to residues of anabolic sex hormones through meat consumption have never, to our knowledge, been studied. Theoretically, the foetus and young children are particularly sensitive to exposure to sex steroids. Therefore, the consumption of residues of steroids in meat by pregnant women and young children is of particular concern," said Prof Swan, who is director of the Center for Reproductive Epidemiology, associate chair for research and professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry.
Prof Swan and her colleagues recruited couples to the study when the pregnant women attended prenatal clinics between 1999 and 2005. As well as asking questions about the couples themselves (medical histories, lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and diet), the researchers requested the men to ask their mothers to fill in a brief questionnaire about their diet while pregnant with their sons. The men also provided semen samples.
Out of 773 men who provided semen samples, information was available for 387 on how many beef meals their mothers ate during their pregnancies. On average, the mothers ate 4.3 beef meals a week; only 15 (4%) reported eating no beef during pregnancy; 336 ate seven or fewer beef meals a week; 51 reported eating more than seven beef meals a week. Women who were "high beef consumers" also ate more other red meat and were more likely to be living in North America at the time their son was born.