Using an innovative statistical approach, a research team from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and the University of California, Los Angeles, has identified two regions of DNA linked to autism.
They found the suspicious DNA with a much smaller sample of people than has been used traditionally in searches for autism genes.
Autism, a disorder that involves social deficits, language problems and repetitive, stereotyped behaviors , affects around one in 1,000 children. And the combined incidence of autism spectrum disorders, which include Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder, brings the total number of affected children to one in every 150 births. Boys are affected three to four times more often than girls.
There's clearly a genetic component to autism, according to John N. Constantino, M.D., associate professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at Washington University School of Medicine and a co-principal investigator on this latest study. If one child in a family is autistic, there's a 10 percent chance a sibling also will have autism. Past research has isolated a few regions of DNA linked to autism, but very few of those studies have been replicated, so no specific autism genes have yet been identified.
"Those older studies used what's called an 'affected sib pair' design that looks for genetic markers in siblings with autism," says Constantino. "That approach has worked well for single-gene disorders, but autism is a complex disease that may involve many genes that each make very small contributions. When that's the case, it's harder to find genetic markers."
So Constantino's group, in collaboration with the other co-principal investigator, Daniel H. Geschwind, M.D., Ph.D., and neuropsychiatric and genetics researchers at UCLA, is using a different approach. They report their findings in the April issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry.
"Although we once believed you either had this condition or you didn't, we now know that there's a continuous distribution of autism symptoms from very mild to very severe," Constantino says.
That means in families where a child is autistic, parents and unaffected siblings may have very subtle communication impairments or behavioral tendencies that would be considered autistic only in their most severe forms. Those traits may indicate genetic tendencies that contribute to autism and now can be measured with a diagnostic interview tool called the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), which Constantino developed with his colleague Richard D. Todd, Ph.D., M.D., at Washington University.
Using the SRS to gather data about both children with autism and their unaffected parents and siblings allowed the researchers to take a more quantitative approach to find subtle symptoms of autism that aggregate in families. In all, they used the SRS to study members of 99 families who were part of the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE).
"We characterized everyone using the quantitative measures that the Social Responsiveness Scale provides," Constantino explains. "With the SRS, we looked not just at whether a person has autism but more systematically at the degree of autistic impairment. Then we analyzed their genetic material and found significant linkage to these symptoms on regions of chromosomes 11 and 17."