University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers have identified the neurotransmitter serotonin as the chemical responsible for inhibiting milk production and secretion in human mammary glands.
As growing demand outstrips milk supplies in some parts of the world, the finding could aid development of therapeutics or technologies that would increase milk production and yields from other mammals.
Results of the human study, led by Nelson Horseman, PhD, UC professor of molecular and cellular physiology, appear in the Oct. 8–12, 2007, early edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
“Knowing the chemical responsible for inhibiting milk production could help us to improve milk yields in other mammals,” Horseman says.
In lactating mammals, milk synthesis and secretion gradually slows to a stop when mammary glands become full. Once mammary glands are emptied, milk production begins again.
For decades, scientists have been trying to pinpoint the cause of inhibited milk production. In the 1970s, researchers in Scotland and New Zealand determined that a chemical had to regulate milk synthesis and secretion. A UC-led rodent study in 2004 identified the chemical as serotonin.
Serotonin is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter made in the brain and intestinal tract. When produced in the intestinal tract, the chemical is stored in blood platelets and released at wound sites to promote clotting and healing. Low levels of serotonin in the brain have been linked to depression and other mood disorders.
Horseman and his team now report that serotonin is also produced in human mammary glands—building up as the mammary gland fills with milk, inhibiting further milk synthesis and secretion.
“If we can understand how to stop or reduce serotonin production in the mammary gland, we can reverse its actions,” Horseman says.
The investigator was recently issued a patent for specific drugs known to inhibit serotonin production. Inhibiting this chemical in the mammary gland, he says, has been shown to increase milk yields by up to 15 percent.
Improved milk yields, says Horseman, could help ease milk shortages in some parts of the world caused by drought and increased demand.
“Demand for milk has increased in Asia and prices for milk have gone up across the world,” says Horseman.