Just as the risk of developing alcoholism is strongly influenced by genetic factors, mutations in gene coding - such as the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2*2) allele - also appear to protect against the risk.
Scientists have only just begun to apply gene-therapy techniques to the alcohol-research field. A proof-of-principle study has found that administering an anti-Aldh2 antisense gene in rodents can curtail their urge to drink.
Results are published in the January issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research.
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Certain genetic factors may both increase and protect against the risk of developing alcoholism.
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The aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2*2) allele is considered protective against alcoholism.
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Intravenous administration of an anti-Aldh2 antisense gene can curtail long-term drinking among rodents.
"An 'experiment of nature' is observed in some individuals of East Asian origin, who are 66 to 99 percent protected against alcoholism," explained Yedy Israel, professor of pharmacological and toxicological chemistry at the Universidad de Chile, and adjunct professor of pathology, anatomy and cell biology at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. "These individuals carry a genetic mutation that inactivates the aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 enzyme, which is needed to eliminate products of alcohol metabolism. When they drink, they experience nausea, facial redness and a pounding heart." Israel, past president of the U.S. Research Society on Alcoholism, is the study's corresponding author.
Israel added that although gene therapy is predominantly associated with helping "bubble babies" - children who must live in a sterile bubble because they lack all immunity and may die of infections - there are presently 1,300 clinical gene-therapy trials for different conditions worldwide.
"Gene therapy is a technique that has been proposed for a number of human conditions, mostly to correct inborn errors that lead to severe conditions," noted Richard Deitrich, Professor Emeritus at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. "In terms of alcohol research, however, this is certainly 'cutting edge.' The goal here is to silence a gene or at least impair its function, thereby mimicking a genetic condition that some Asian individuals normally have that protects them from developing alcoholism."
Researchers used rats that were initially bred as heavy alcohol drinkers, and then further rendered alcohol dependent through a two-month period of unlimited, voluntary intake of the equivalent of premium beer, followed by withdrawal, followed by a one-hour "happy hour" each day. During this hour, the animals drank 10 times more alcohol than what is normally consumed. An anti-Aldh2 antisense gene was then intravenously administered, with the intent of "shutting off" ALDH2 activity.
"Animals that were given a single intravenous injection of the antisense gene therapy reduced their consumption by one half, for a full month, which was the duration of the study," said Israel. "This would appear to have implications for a social-drinking pattern, and the notion of 'harm reduction,' where full abstinence is not the only acceptable goal."