When suffering through a sinus infection, many people ask for an antibiotic to speed their recovery. However, a recent review of clinical trials found that while antibiotics can provide minor improvements in uncomplicated sinusitis cases, most patients recover without the drugs within two weeks.
The health risks for the individual and society might override the benefits of antibiotics for people suffering with a simple sinus infection, according to authors led by Anneli Ahovuo-Saloranta of the Finnish Office for Health Technology.
The systematic review examined the results of 57 studies, six of which compared antibiotics to a placebo and 51 of which compared different kinds of antibiotics. More than 18,000 people took part in the studies.
This review focused on studies with patients treated for simple, uncomplicated sinusitis in a primary care setting. Four of five patients without complications improved within two weeks even without a prescription for antibiotics.
At 10 to 14 days after diagnosis, 52 percent of patients had recovered completely in the antibiotic group compared with 38 percent in placebo group. However, when researchers waited longer to check back with the patients, there was no significant difference in recovery rates whether people took antibiotics or a placebo.
The evaluation of different antibiotics showed them to be similarly effective.
The review appears in the latest issue of The Cochrane Library, a publication of The Cochrane Collaboration, an international organization that evaluates medical research. Systematic reviews draw evidence-based conclusions about medical practice after considering both the content and quality of existing medical trials on a topic.
Sinusitis is a common disease that, in many cases, resolves spontaneously, the review authors said. However, in patients with severe symptoms, like high fever, severe pain in cheeks and swelling of face, antibiotic treatment is justified, the reviewers conclude.
Every year, 20 million people in the United States have sinusitis. When the membrane-lined air spaces near the nose become infected, sinusitis can cause nasal discharge, pain, obstruction, poor response to decongestants, facial pain and even toothache.
Viral upper respiratory tract infections often precede sinus infections and antibiotics have no effect on viral diseases. Antibiotics kill bacteria, not viruses. Some cases of sinusitis are bacterial, which would mean that antibiotics might help, but distinguishing patients with a bacterial infection remains a challenge.
"Without a positive bacterial culture by sinus puncture, it is hard to separate viral from bacterial sinusitis," said Ed Septimus, M.D., a board member of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and a member of the society's Antimicrobial Resistance Work Group.
Acute bacterial sinusitis is more likely if symptoms have lasted more than a week. Even so, patients with bacterial sinusitis do not always benefit from antibiotics.
Even bacterial sinusitis can resolve spontaneously. According to the review authors, some patients with simple sinusitis would benefit from antibiotics, but it is still unclear who those patients are. Current criteria for sinusitis cannot reliably identify those patients who would most benefit from antibiotics.
On the other hand, antibiotics have well-documented negative effects. Potential adverse effects include gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomiting, allergic symptoms and antibiotic-related fungal infections.