Types and Causes of Mediastinitis

Mediastinitis is an inflammation of the tissues that are situated in the mid-chest cavity or mediastinum.

CT Scan

Image Credit: Rabizo Anatolii/Shutterstock.com

The pathophysiology of mediastinitis is rather complex, but the common pathway for post-operative forms of the disease (which are most common) seems to be intraoperative contamination of the wound, related more to patient factors than the surgical technique used.

Mediastinitis can be acute or chronic, and either infectious or non-infectious. The majority of acute mediastinitis cases are secondary to open chest surgery (deep sternal wound infection) and esophageal perforation. The third most common type is descending necrotizing mediastinitis.

Less frequent causes of mediastinitis include bronchial or tracheal perforation or direct infectious spread from adjacent tissues.

Tuberculosis, histoplasmosis (and other fungal infections) and malignant diseases give rise to chronic or subacute mediastinitis. Autoimmune disease or lymphatic obstructions are also very rare causes of this clinical entity.

Deep sternal wound infection

Deep sternal wound infection is a process in which the mediastinum becomes infected due to a deep wound infection after sternotomy, which is used primarily in heart surgery. Recent studies have shown that between 0.5 and 2.2% of patients who undergo cardiac surgery develop mediastinitis, with a resultant mortality rate of almost 14%.

Risk factors for developing deep sternal wound infection can be either patient-related or procedure-related. The most common patient-related risk factors are older age, obesity, diabetes, smoking, obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease, elevated levels of creatinine, colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and heart failure.

On the other hand, procedure-related risk factors for developing deep sternal wound infection are prolonged operative time, special types of operations (such as the use of aortic clamping, on-pump perfusion, and specific artery grafts). Tracheostomy is also described as a risk factor for deep sternal wound infection.

Perforation of the esophagus

Since the esophagus is densely colonized by commensal (but also healthcare-associated) microorganisms, cervical and thoracic esophageal perforations give rise to mediastinitis coupled with very high mortality rates.

Iatrogenic perforation during endoscopic procedures is considered to be responsible for up to 60% of all perforations of the esophagus. Immediately following the perforation retained gastric contents, saliva, acid, and bile enter the mediastinum and result in the inflammation.

Spontaneous perforation (which includes Boerhaave syndrome) is responsible for 15% of all perforations, generally located at the posterior aspect of the distal part of the esophagus.

Malignant and traumatic perforations also represent a significant percentage of cases (up to 17%). Esophageal perforation may also take place due to surgical anastomosis failure.

Descending necrotizing mediastinitis

Descending necrotizing mediastinitis is a rather serious process (infectious) that emerges from the nose, ears or throat and then spreads inferiorly via connective-tissue planes into the mediastinum. This clinical entity is characterized by a severe infection of the oropharynx with coincident radiological findings that indicate mediastinitis.

In a majority of instances, descending necrotizing mediastinitis is a result of odontogenic or pharyngeal infections (80%), but also cervical infections (15%). Unknown sources account for the remaining percentage.

The main risk factors include immune deficiency, diabetes, oral use of corticosteroids, peripheral artery occlusive disease, respiratory insufficiency, sepsis, and heart failure. The mortality of this condition is high, with reports in the literature ranging between 15% and 30%.

Rare forms of mediastinitis

Sclerosing mediastinitis (also known as chronic fibrosing mediastinitis) represents a more insidious type of mediastinitis that most often arises as a complication of granulomatous infections – frequently due to Histoplasma capsulatum or sometimes Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

In a majority of patients, the infection with Histoplasma capsulatum is subclinical and starts as an asymptomatic infection of the lungs that disseminates to the lymphatic nodes in the mediastinum. The affected nodes then enlarge and merge to a caseous mass (granuloma) or may instantly lead to sclerosis.

Finally, silicosis, sarcoidosis, and paraffin infections (late severe complications of tuberculosis treatment methods for cavitary forms of the disease) can also mimic chronic mediastinitis. Certain malignancies should also be considered in the diagnostic appraisal of every patient with suspected mediastinitis.

Sources

  • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312210/
  • https://academic.oup.com/ejcts/article/51/1/10/2670570
  • https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hed.24183
  • https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00104-016-0172-7
  • https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(19)30394-5/fulltext
  • Rees CJ, Cantor RM, Pollack Jr. CV, Riese VG. Mediastintis. In: Pollack Jr. CV (eds) Differential Diagnosis of Cardiopulmonary Disease. Springer, Cham, Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

Further Reading

Last Updated: Apr 10, 2020

Dr. Tomislav Meštrović

Written by

Dr. Tomislav Meštrović

Dr. Tomislav Meštrović is a medical doctor (MD) with a Ph.D. in biomedical and health sciences, specialist in the field of clinical microbiology, and an Assistant Professor at Croatia's youngest university - University North. In addition to his interest in clinical, research and lecturing activities, his immense passion for medical writing and scientific communication goes back to his student days. He enjoys contributing back to the community. In his spare time, Tomislav is a movie buff and an avid traveler.

Citations

Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

  • APA

    Meštrović, Tomislav. (2020, April 10). Types and Causes of Mediastinitis. News-Medical. Retrieved on October 31, 2024 from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Types-and-Causes-of-Mediastinitis.aspx.

  • MLA

    Meštrović, Tomislav. "Types and Causes of Mediastinitis". News-Medical. 31 October 2024. <https://www.news-medical.net/health/Types-and-Causes-of-Mediastinitis.aspx>.

  • Chicago

    Meštrović, Tomislav. "Types and Causes of Mediastinitis". News-Medical. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Types-and-Causes-of-Mediastinitis.aspx. (accessed October 31, 2024).

  • Harvard

    Meštrović, Tomislav. 2020. Types and Causes of Mediastinitis. News-Medical, viewed 31 October 2024, https://www.news-medical.net/health/Types-and-Causes-of-Mediastinitis.aspx.

Comments

The opinions expressed here are the views of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of News Medical.
Post a new comment
Post

While we only use edited and approved content for Azthena answers, it may on occasions provide incorrect responses. Please confirm any data provided with the related suppliers or authors. We do not provide medical advice, if you search for medical information you must always consult a medical professional before acting on any information provided.

Your questions, but not your email details will be shared with OpenAI and retained for 30 days in accordance with their privacy principles.

Please do not ask questions that use sensitive or confidential information.

Read the full Terms & Conditions.