A collaboration between scientists at Vanderbilt University and the University of California, San Francisco has led to the first direct information about the molecular structure of prions. In addition, the study has revealed surprisingly large structural differences between natural prions and the closest synthetic analogs that scientists have created in the lab.
Prions are the infectious proteins responsible for human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or "mad cow" disease, scrapie in sheep and several other related nervous system disorders in mammals. For a number of years, scientists have been using the tools of genetic engineering to create synthetic versions of these particles so they could study them more easily. Although researchers have made particles that appear identical to natural prions, they have had trouble duplicating their infectious behavior.
"We expected to find subtle differences, but we found major differences instead," said Gerald Stubbs, professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University. "Although we cannot say for certain that the differences we've seen can explain why natural prions are so infectious, there is a good chance that they are closely related."
The study, which was published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences last week, was a joint effort of the Stubbs laboratory and that of Stanley Prusiner at the University of California, San Francisco, who received the Nobel prize for the discovery of prions.
"Our results will aid in attempts to create the infectious synthetic prions that are needed to figure out how prions work and ultimately to find cures for the diseases that they cause," said the lead author of the study, Holger Wille, assistant adjunct professor of neurology in the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, which is based at UCSF and directed by Prusiner.
Prusiner's group was the first one that succeeded in making infectious prions in the test tube. However, they are not nearly as infectious as the real thing. Six years ago, Prusiner contacted Stubbs, who is a world authority on determining the molecular structures of fibrous materials, and asked if he was interested in collaborating on an effort to characterize the detailed structure of prions. It didn't take much convincing. "I've always been interested in prions, so I readily agreed," said Stubbs.
Prions, because of their association with mad cow disease, are the most notorious of the amyloids, which are insoluble clumps of fibrous protein that play a role in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Lou Gehrig disease, as well as some other common illnesses, including type II diabetes. "It is particularly difficult to determine the molecular structure of fibrous materials like these because they have an intrinsically high level of disorder," Stubbs explained.