Guidelines aid pediatricians with early diagnosis to improve long-term prognosis
Researchers from across the U.S., as part of the Infantile Spasms Working Group (ISWG), established guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of infantile spasms (IS). The goal of the ISWG is to improve patient outcomes by creating protocols that educate pediatricians on early diagnosis and treatment options. Full details of this study appear online in Epilepsia, a journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the International League Against Epilepsy.
Infantile spasms-known also as West syndrome and named after Dr. William James West who provided the first account of the disease in his 1841 medical article-is a rare epileptic disorder that typically presents in infants between 3 and 7 months of age.
Symptoms of IS include spasms of the limbs and trunk (extending or stiffening of the arms, legs, neck or trunk) that occur in clusters, an electroencephalography (EEG) pattern of hypsarrhythmia, and psychomotor delay or arrest.
The IS incidence ranges from 2 to 3.5 per 10,000 live births, occurring in more boys than girls (60:40). Approximately 90% of all IS cases occur during the first year of life, but can affect children up to the age of 4. While some cases have unknown cause (cryptogenic IS), many experts cite tuberous sclerosis (benign growth of brain tumors) and lack of oxygen to the baby at birth as common causes of symptomatic IS.
As part of their investigation, the ISWG (led by John Pellock, M.D.) examined scores of related studies and reviewed current clinical practice. The goal was to establish criteria that target early diagnosis, timely treatment options, and support IS patients and their families. Dr. Pellock, commenting on the agreed protocols, said "We strongly recommend broad clinical evaluation, including: detailed clinical neurophysiology; continued use of vigabatrin (VGB) or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) as first-line treatment to suppress clinical spasms and abolish hypsarrhythmic EEG; a timely assessment of treatment efficacy (regardless of chosen medication), with prompt therapy modification to avoid serious adverse events and with a particular goal of establishing an 'all-or-none' response where effective IS treatment should produce cessation of spasms and resolution of hypsarrhythmia on EEG."
To establish an IS diagnosis, a clinical evaluation is needed whereby doctors begin with a complete history and physical examination of the patient. Spasms observed by parents or physicians may vary from a cluster of as few as 2 to more than 100, lasting from less than 1 minute to more than 10 minutes. A full EEG evaluation is conducted to uncover any hypsarrhythmic pattern characterizing IS. Next, the etiologic diagnosis is made, aided by MRI, to understand the cause of the disorder. Such a diagnosis will aid in establishing the appropriate treatment strategy. "Following the completion of the history, physical, and neurological examinations, as well as EEG and MRI analysis, roughly 70% of patients will have an established diagnosis without the need for extensive metabolic testing" noted the ISWG team. "This saves valuable time to initiation of treatment and reduces evaluation costs."
There was consensus in the ISWG that use of ACTH is effective as first-line therapy for IS. However, the team believed there was insufficient evidence to define precisely the optimum ACTH dose and duration of treatment for IS; in general, short duration was preferred (i.e., approximately 2 weeks followed by taper). The ISWG also agreed on the efficacy of VGB as a first-line treatment option, with a dose of 50 mg/kg/day up to 100-150 mg/kg/ day in patients requiring escalation. Since prior studies have established a risk of visual field loss with VGB treatment, the ISWG suggested that infants who respond to this therapy may continue for 6-9 months, with continued ophthalmic evaluation.
Raili Riikonen, M.D., from Children's Hospital at the University of Kuopio in Finland, said in her commentary, "The goals of the ISWG are certainly worthwhile, but it should be appreciated that treatment approaches differ in Europe from the protocols described in this U.S. perspective." In Europe there are differing opinions on first-line treatment options for IS. After two weeks of VGB therapy, seizure freedom was seen in 26% of patients (Granstr-m et al., 1999), 23% of patients (Elterman et al., 2000), and 54% of patients (Lux et al., 2004). In the first two of these studies, the number of IS patients who were seizure-free increased to roughly 65% after 3 months. "These data suggested the response with VGB comes later than with ACTH," Dr. Riikonen stated.