Boston University and Department of Veterans Affairs researchers discover brain trauma in sports may cause a new disease that mimics ALS
The Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy (CSTE) at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) announced today that they have provided the first pathological evidence that repetitive head trauma experienced in collision sports is associated with motor neuron disease, a neurological condition that affects voluntary muscle movements. The most common form of motor neuron disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease. The findings will be published in the September issue of the Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology (http://journals.lww.com/jneuropath).
The finding was discovered by Ann McKee, MD, and colleagues at the CSTE. McKee, a CSTE Co-Director, is an associate professor of neurology and pathology at BUSM, as well as Director of Neuropathology for the Department of Veterans Affairs at the Bedford VA Medical Center, where this research was conducted.
McKee and the CSTE researchers made this groundbreaking pathological discovery while examining the brains and spinal cords of 12 athletes donated by family members to the CSTE Brain Bank at the Bedford VA Medical Center. Three of these 12 athletes, including former professional football players Wally Hilgenberg and Eric Scoggins, as well as an unidentified former military veteran and professional boxer, developed motor neuron disease late in their lives. The former football players were diagnosed clinically with ALS, which is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that attacks motor nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in muscle weakness and atrophy. ALS affects fewer than two in 100,000 patients annually, and 30,000 Americans currently live with the disease. The majority of ALS cases (90-95 percent) are considered "sporadic," meaning of unknown cause, although it has long been suspected to involve a complex interaction between multiple genetic and environmental risk factors.
In this study, funded in part by an unrestricted gift from the National Football League (NFL) to the CSTE, McKee found that when they died, all 12 athletes showed neuropathological evidence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive degenerative brain disease characterized by deposits of an abnormal form of tau protein and believed to be caused by repetitive head trauma. In the three athletes with motor neuron disease, abnormal tau protein deposits were not only found throughout the brain, but also in the spinal cord.
CSTE researchers also discovered that 10 of 12 CTE victims had a second abnormal protein, TDP-43, in their brains. Of those 10, only three had TDP-43 in the brain and the spinal cord, and those were the three athletes diagnosed with motor neuron disease. TDP-43 is also found in individuals with sporadic ALS although in the athletes with repetitive brain trauma, the TDP-43 pathology was more severe than found in sporadic ALS and was accompanied by extensive tau pathology. The brains and spinal cords of normal individuals show no TDP-43 or tau deposition.
These new findings suggest that the motor neuron disease that affected the three athletes is similar to, but distinct from sporadic ALS and represents a disease never described previously in the medical literature. This new disease, referred to as chronic traumatic encephalomyopathy (CTEM) by McKee and colleagues is likely caused by the repetitive head trauma experienced by athletes in contact sports.
The association between head trauma and ALS is supported by the medical literature, in which the risk of ALS has been reported to be higher among contact sport athletes and veterans. A study of professional soccer players in Italy found that the incidence rate of ALS was 6.5 times higher than in the general population. An increased incidence of ALS has also been reported in American football players, including three players from the 1964 San Francisco 49ers who died from ALS. Based on the number of retired NFL players with ALS, it is estimated that the risk is at least 8 times higher than in the adult male population. Among Veterans with a history of head injuries, their risk of ALS was 2.3 times higher than normal, and Gulf War Veterans have a twofold increased risk. In fact, since 2008, the US Department of Veterans Affairs has considered ALS as a presumptively compensable illness for all veterans. The discovery of this new ALS-like disease by the BU CSTE investigators suggests that one possible reason for the increased risk of clinically diagnosed ALS in veterans and in contact sport athletes may be the exposure to repetitive head trauma, including concussions, subconcussive blows and blast injuries.