Cardiff University scientists believe they may have found a way to aid recovery and minimise the risk of life-threatening infections in patients with traumatic brain injuries.
It's estimated that more than a million people in the UK are admitted annually to hospital as a result of a head injury. It is a leading cause of death and disability in children and adults from ages one to 44. This is largely due to life-threatening infections, as well as brain inflammation, activated by the body's natural disease-fighting immune response, called 'complement'.
"When tissue is injured in an accident, this part of our immune system sees the tissue as 'foreign' and responds in an inappropriate way to make the damage even worse," says Professor Claire Harris from Cardiff University's Institute of Infection & Immunity, who led the research.
Now, Cardiff scientists have engineered a new duel 'homing' agent which, when given to mice, inactivated the complement system in the brain, reduced inflammation and aided recovery.
"Widespread blocking of this part of the immune system after traumatic brain injury helps damaged brain tissue to survive and improves neurological recovery in mice. Unfortunately, this treatment approach could be harmful to humans because complement is essential for fighting infections - that's why this homing agent is so significant.
"We have engineered a drug which combines two different activities in one molecule. One arm 'targets' the drug to the site of tissue damage, thus concentrating the therapy exactly where it is most needed, and the second arm (CD59) inhibits a specific part of the complement system which would drive further damage if left unchecked.
"This drug therefore delivers therapy to where it is needed, freeing up the complement system to fight infection in the rest of the body."
Published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team, led by Professors Claire Harris and Professor Paul Morgan, showed that when the 'homing' agent was injected into mice immediately after traumatic brain injury, it specifically targeted the injured tissue, serving to inactivate the complement system and reduce inflammation and neuronal damage.
Professor Claire Harris added: "Development of this new homing agent is exciting. We've shown that it can be administered in mice some time after the trauma and still be effective.
"If our findings can be translated into humans this could be life-changing for patients with head injuries."
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