High blood pressure and high LDL-cholesterol add up to more than just double trouble for heart health, a Penn State College of Medicine study reports.
"The whole is larger than the sum of the parts when it comes to the combined risk of heart attack from high blood pressure and high LDL-cholesterol," said Duanping Liao, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of health evaluation sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, and lead investigator of the study. "Our study showed that about 21 percent of middle-aged Americans might have both risk factors, implying that these findings could have significant public health implications with regard to controlling both hypertension and high cholesterol in reducing cardiovascular disease."
Liao's study is one of the few to identify people with these joint risk factors and evaluate on a long-term basis the relationship between the clustering of the risk factors and the incidence of myocardial infarction, or heart attack. The study was presented today (Aug. 30, 2004) at the European Society of Cardiology Congress in Munich, Germany.
Cardiovascular disease remains the No. 1 killer in the United States with about 1 million Americans dying of the disease each year. High blood pressure, or hypertension, and high LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol are highly prevalent and well-established risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
The study team used data from 14,500 people in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study who were free of coronary disease at initial examination and were followed for an average of nine years. Started in 1987, the ARIC is an ongoing, long-term, observational study of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health. The ARIC study initially included about 16,000 men and women between the ages of 45 and 64 from four U.S. communities (Washington County, Md., Forsyth County, N.C., selected suburbs of Minneapolis, Minn., and Jackson, Miss.). Participants were given questionnaires and were examined every three years. Follow-up occurs yearly by telephone to maintain contact with participants and to assess participants' health status.