Zoonoses are diseases transmitted to humans from animals. Animals infected with bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungal infections can pass their infectious agent onto humans through bites or skin abrasions.
Humans can also contract a zoonotic disease through accidental ingestion of meat, vegetables, or dairy products contaminated with the infectious agent or animal waste.
Zoonosis: How are diseases passed from animals to humans? (2/2)
The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that three out of every five new human sicknesses are attributable to zoonosis. The list of zoonosis carriers is extensive, with both wild and domesticated animals that can act as disease carriers.
Farm animals
Humans have raised animals for transportation, food production, and personal security for thousands of years. The first domesticated animals were thought to exist as far back as 3,000 years ago.
Although farm and home animals provide humans with many benefits, they also transmit a whole host of diseases to their human caretakers. For example, farm cattle can transmit bovine tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by the Mycobacterium bovis bacteria that was responsible for thousands of deaths in Britain and the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Bovine TB displays classical symptoms of TB, including a persistent cough, fever, weight loss, and, in some cases, death. Humans can contract bovine TB through direct contact with an infected animal, drinking unpasteurized milk, or eating undercooked meat from an infected animal.
Routine pasteurization of milk sold for public consumption and improvements in farm management practices have greatly reduced the prevalence of bovine TB infection.
Farm cattle, sheep, and goats are responsible for the transmission of verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) to humans.
VTEC is a group of bacteria including E. coli O157 that cause diarrhea and gastrointestinal pain. Since E. coli naturally resides in the animal gut, human infection with E. coli typically occurs by ingesting animal products that have come in contact with feces from an infected animal, or by ingesting vegetables irrigated with feces-contaminated water. The mode of bacterial transmission combined with modern farming methods enables E. coli to potentially infect many hundreds of people at once.
Farm animals are also responsible for a range of other infections including salmonella from poultry and pigs, ringworm from cattle and horses, and anthrax from sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle.
Wild animals
Animals living in wild habitats transmit a variety of human diseases. Humans who hike in forested areas or spend time outdoors may encounter, and be bitten by, a deer tick.
Deer ticks are the host for the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria, which causes Lyme disease. Deer ticks spread the bacteria from animal to human when first feeding on the blood of deer, mice, squirrels, or bats and then biting a human.
Lyme disease is especially prevalent in the northeastern United States and parts of Europe. Lyme disease begins with a red bullet-like rash at the site of the tick bite and can develop into long-lasting flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and arthritis if left untreated.
Several zoonotic diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes, including malaria, yellow fever, and West Nile virus. Malaria is currently one of the biggest worldwide public health issues, taking economic and social tolls on individuals and governments.
Rabies is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the saliva (from a bite or scratch) from an infected animal—typically dogs, bats, foxes, skunks, raccoons, and other mammals.
Rabies infection begins with flu-like symptoms and can escalate to inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often resulting in death. Due to aggressive immunization campaigns, rabies is now rare, except in developing countries with inadequate healthcare resources.
Referemces
Further Reading
Regional climate changes drive life-threatening zoonotic disease outbreaks