Oral bacteria persist on wasted chewing gums for weeks

Researchers from the Institute of Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), a joint center of the University of Valencia and the CSIC, have analyzed the bacteria from used chewing gums from five different countries. The research, just published in the journal Scientific Reports, shows that the bacterial load of gum changes in a matter of weeks and that oral bacteria persist for a surprisingly long time when gum is on the ground. This research can be applied in forensic medicine or for the control of contagious diseases.

The study focuses on the distribution of bacteria according to the depth at which they are found (surface, intermediate and lower layers of waste), the biodegradation capacity of chewing gum ingredients and microbial successions after three months of outdoor exposure. The bacterial diversity of samples have been analyzed through Massive DNA Sequencing (NGS).

Chewing gums are scraps that remain for quite some time on indoor, outdoor surfaces, glued to buildings or even works of art. For this study the team collected a total of ten samples, two in Spain, France and Singapore, and one in Greece and Turkey. All were collected from the ground with a sterilized scraper and transported to the laboratory, where they were kept at a temperature of -80ºC until analysis.

Chewing gum could be a vector of bacterial diseases quite long after being thrown to the ground. We’ve found bacteria that can be used to clean the chewing gums – because they eat them!” The expert adds that “chewing gum has a bacterial load that evolves from an oral microbiome to an environmental microbiome in a matter of weeks. Oral bacteria persist surprisingly long once the gum is on the ground. In addition, many of the bacteria we have isolated from older gum have the potential to bioremediate the gum itself, i.e. degrade it”.

Manuel Porcar, Researcher

The research team at I2SysBio points out that this type of long-lasting waste has been used for human genetic analysis in criminology and archaeology and also points out that their findings have implications for a wide range of disciplines, including forensic medicine, contagious disease control or the already mentioned bioremediation of chewing gum waste.

The article signed by Leila Satari, Alba Guillén, Àngela Vidal-Verdú and Manuel Porcar describes a complete characterization on the bacterial content of chewing gum using culture-dependent and independent techniques, unlike other research that focuses on improving when cleaning gums thrown to the ground, making them less adhesive, water-soluble or degradable. In addition, the team stresses that this adhesive material “may contain a significant fraction of the oral microbiota, toxins and some pathogens such as Streptococcus spp. and Actinomyces spp., that remain trapped in sticky residue and where their survival over time has received very little attention”.