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Surgical Menopause

Menopause is defined as the cessation of a woman’s menstrual periods for more than 12 consecutive months and is due to the non-functioning of her ovaries. It may occur spontaneously, the average age of onset being 51 years. However, it may also occur following surgery or cancer treatment.

1 Aug 2016

What is Pharmacognosy?

Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines or crude drugs produced from natural sources such as plants, microbes, and animals. It includes analysis of their biological, chemical, biochemical, and physical properties.

1 Aug 2016

Periductal Mastitits and Mammary Duct Ectasia: Similarities and Differences

Today there is insufficient awareness among the physicians about the benign breast conditions such as mammary duct ectasia and periductal mastitis, both causing nipple discharge. Not only those two entities can ring a false alarm of malignancy, they are also considered the second most common cause of benign diseases of the breast.

1 Aug 2016

Periductal Mastitis

Periductal mastitis is a condition where lactiferous ducts in the breast are distended and filled with amorphous eosinophilic material and foam cells, with concomitant presence of severe periductal chronic inflammation. In the literature, it is also found under synonyms such as mastitis obliterans, plasma cell mastitis, or comedomastitis.

1 Aug 2016

IgA Nephropathy / Berger's Disease

IgA nephropathy (IgAN), also known as Berger’s disease, is the leading cause of primary glomerulonephritis all over the world. It is autoimmune in origin, characterized by the stimulation of genetically determined formation of concentration of IgA1 with galactose-deficient O-glycans in the hinge-region (Hit 1) in the blood. These stimulate anti-glycan antibody production, followed by binding with the aberrantly glycated IgA1.

1 Aug 2016

Dumping Syndrome Treatment

Dumping syndrome (DS) occurs when largely undigested foods, especially sugar, transits relatively fast from the stomach to the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum. This presents with many complications such as nausea, bloating, abdominal pain, hypoglycemia, tachycardia and changes in consciousness. These arise as a result of the osmotically active food particles causing a fluid shift from the intravascular compartment to the intestinal lumen.

1 Aug 2016

Dumping Syndrome Symptoms and Causes

Dumping syndrome is a known problem for persons who have undergone gastric, esophageal or bariatric surgeries. It is believed to as a direct consequence of the rapid transit of large osmotically active food particles into the lumen of the small intestine. It is estimated that up to 1 in 5 people who have had parts of their stomach surgically removed develop the condition.

1 Aug 2016

Dumping Syndrome Diagnosis

Dumping syndrome (DS) can be classified as early dumping syndrome (EDS) or late dumping syndrome (LDS) based on the timing of the symptoms after eating. It is a condition that is seen in up to 20% of individuals who undergo gastric, bariatric or esophageal surgeries.

1 Aug 2016

What is Dumping Syndrome?

Dumping syndrome is a condition where largely undigested foods rapidly bypass the stomach and proceed or get “dumped” into the small intestine. This is a common phenomenon seen in those who have undergone gastric, esophageal or bariatric surgery.

1 Aug 2016

What is Immunophenotyping?

Immunophenotyping is a test used to identify cells on the basis of the types of markers or antigens present on the cell’s surface, nucleus, or cytoplasm. This technique helps identify the lineage of cells using antibodies that detect markers or antigens on the cells, hence the “immuno-” prefix.

1 Aug 2016

Heimlich Maneuver / Abdominal Thrusts?

Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrusts is a technique used to relieve choking victims. The aim of the procedure is to dislodge a foreign object that is blocking the airway of the victim. It is named after the physician Henry J Heimlich who invented the technique in the 1970s.

1 Aug 2016

Hip Dysplasia in Children

Hip dysplasia in children and babies is a condition where the “ball-and-socket” hip joint is not properly formed.

29 Jul 2016

Anal Fissures Treatment

Most cases of anal fissure heal spontaneously within a few weeks, without requiring treatment. However, some individuals may be affected by a chronic anal fissure that continues to plague them for six weeks or more.

29 Jul 2016

Anal Fissures Causes

An anal fissure involves stretching and tearing of the rim of the anus. It may result from several possible causes, or present in various circumstances.

29 Jul 2016

What is an Anal Fissure?

An anal fissure is a tear or ulcer in the lining of the anal canal, the final part of the large intestine, starting from the rectum above and ending at the anal orifice. Anal fissures are relatively common, and are estimated to affect 1 in 10 people at some point throughout their lifetime.

29 Jul 2016

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Also known as acute renal failure, acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to the sudden loss of excretory kidney function. It is evidenced by the accumulation of toxic metabolic products (urea and creatinine) in the body, by a reduction in the volume of urine not due to extra renal problems or both.

29 Jul 2016

Hyponatremia Research

Hyponatremia refers to an abnormally low level of the electrolyte sodium (salt) in the blood. Sodium is an electrolyte that helps regulate the amount of water within and around cells in the body.

26 Jul 2016

Lymph Nodes in Lung Cancer

Evaluation of the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes is part of the surgical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is also vital to the staging of lung cancer, which determines the need for adjuvant chemotherapy to improve survival odds in certain stages of NSCLC. Lymph nodes are evaluated according to the AJCC staging system.

26 Jul 2016

Drug Eruptions

Drug eruptions are adverse skin reactions to drugs that occur in about 3% of hospitalized people. They may resemble skin diseases very closely but generally fade away when the drug is withdrawn.

26 Jul 2016

Epidemiology of Lung Cancer

The incidence of lung cancer in the 20th century has largely mirrored the rise and fall in cigarette smoking. The risk of lung cancer in smokers is ten times that of non-smokers. However, the incidence is expected to plateau in the next few decades because of a fall in the number of smokers.

26 Jul 2016