DNA topological problems may cause lymphoma, study shows

Researchers from the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, and the Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (Cabimer), Seville, published today a paper in Nature Communications that shows that DNA topological problems may cause endogenous DNA breaks that have a causal relationship with cancer.

The starting point of the study, entitled 'Endogenous topoisomerase II-mediated DNA breaks drive thymic cancer predisposition linked to ATM deficiency', is that, during lymphocyte maturation, a number of genomic regions must find each other and rearrange to generate the DNA sequence variability required for the immune response.

This study demonstrates that movements and changes in the 3D genome structure create knots and tangles in DNA that, during their resolution, are a source of chromosomal breakage. In conditions in which the response to these breaks is impaired, chromosomal translocations that may be associated with lymphoma development can occur. Actually, this is true upon mutations in the ATM gene, which are very common in hematological malignancies and the cause of the lymphoma-prone syndrome ataxia telangiectasia."

Felipe Cortés Ledesma, lead author and Head of the Topology and DNA Breaks Group at CNIO

Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), also referred to as Louis-Barr syndrome, is a genetic disease caused by ATM gene mutation and inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11. The Spanish Ataxia Telangiectasia Association (AEFAT) funded part of this study, published today and co-authored by Felipe Cortés Ledesma, Alejandro Álvarez-Quilón and José Terrón Bautista, from Cabimer.

As described in the abstract of the paper, the ATM kinase is a master regulator of the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks and a well-established tumor suppressor whose loss is the cause of the neurodegenerative and cancer-prone syndrome A-T. A-T patients are particularly predisposed to develop lymphoid cancers. 'Our results show a strong causal relationship between topological problems and cancer development (...), confirming these lesions as a major driver of ATM-deficient lymphoid malignancies, and potentially other conditions and cancer types,' the authors say in the paper.

The research paper published in Nature Communications opens new ways to understand the causes of cancer. One of them, according to Cortés Ledesma, is the possibility of 'getting a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the appearance and repair of this type of DNA break,' as well as testing whether there is a relationship between these findings and other cancer types. Along this line, the research team points to the possibility of carrying out clinical studies in A-T patients.

Two world-class biomedical research centers

The study was carried out by scientists from two of the most prestigious biomedical research centers in Spain.

The Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) is a public institution specializing in the research, diagnosis and treatment of cancer affiliated to the Carlos III Health Institute (Ministry of Science and Innovation). Ranked among the world's top ten cancer research centres (sources: SCImago; Nature Index), CNIO covers the entire R&D+I range, from basic research to clinical trials, applying research findings in the Health National System and the pharmaceutical and biotech industries https://www.cnio.es/en/).

As to Cabimer, it is a pioneering multidisciplinary biomedical research centre in Spain, engaged in a combination of basic and applied research to enhance people's health and wellbeing. It reports to the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the Government of Andalusia, the University of Seville (US) and Pablo de Olavide University (UPO) (https://www.cabimer.es/web3/en/home/).

Finally, AEFAT is a non-for-profit organization established in 2009 and named an association of public interest in 2014. It is made of families and friends of patients with A-T from all over Spain. AEFAT forms part of the Spanish Federation of Rare Diseases (FEDER) and the Spanish Federation of Ataxias (FEDAES). It regularly raises money for research into A-T (https://www.aefat.es).