Night shift work is an important source of bias in pain management, study shows

Doctors who are sleep deprived have less empathy for patient pain and that perception affects their prescribing habits, according to a new international study from the University of Missouri School of Medicine and researchers in Israel.

The study tested 31 resident physicians in Israel who were just starting their day and 36 just wrapping up a 26-hour shift. They read through a clinical scenario describing a female patient with a headache and another scenario describing a male patient with a backache. The physicians then answered questions about the magnitude of patients' pain and reported their likelihood to prescribe pain medications. The doctors wrapping up their shifts registered significantly less empathy for the patients than those just starting.

Pain management is a major challenge, and a doctor's perception of a patient's subjective pain is susceptible to bias. This study demonstrated that night shift work is an important and previously unrecognized source of bias in pain management, likely stemming from impaired perception of pain."

David Gozal, MD, co-author, the Marie M. and Harry L. Smith Endowed Chair of Child Health at the MU School of Medicine

To verify their findings, the researchers analyzed more than 13,000 electronic medical record (EMR) discharge notes involving patients arriving with pain complaints at hospitals in Israel and the U.S. The study found the physicians' propensity to prescribe analgesics to patients presenting with severe pain during the night shift was 11% lower in Israel and 9% lower in the U.S.

"The fact that the divergence of analgesic prescription from the general World Health Organization guidelines is greater during night shifts suggests that there is indeed an under-prescription during night shifts, rather than an over-prescription during daytime," Gozal said. "These results highlight the need to address this bias by developing and implementing more structured pain management guidelines and by educating physicians about this bias."

Gozal said it is also important to consider whether hospitals should make changes to resident physician work schedules to avoid empathy or decision fatigue.

Gozal's MU research team included Koby Clements, senior director of value driven outcomes and analytics at MU Health Care; and Adrienne Ohler, PhD, associate research professor.

The international group included the study's lead author Shoham Choshen-Hillel, PhD, associate professor at Hebrew University; Alex Gileles-Hillel, MD, assistant professor at the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; and Anat Perry, PhD, assistant professor at Hebrew University. Other co-authors included Tom Gordon-Hecker, PhD; Shir Genzer and Salomon Israel from Hebrew University; and David Rekhtman and Ido Sadras, MD, from Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; and Eugene M. Caruso, PhD; associate professor at UCLA.