High-throughput automation of 3D spheroid assays in cancer research

Identifying effective anti-cancer drugs and combinations is essential for successful treatment. To support this goal, there's an urgent need for efficient methods to test drug efficacy and uncover new therapeutic targets.

Image Credit: PeopleImages.com - Yuri A/Shutterstock.com

Image Credit: PeopleImages.com - Yuri A/Shutterstock.com

Three-dimensional cancer cell models, like tumoroids and spheroids, closely mimic the structure and behavior of tumors, making them powerful tools in cancer research and drug development.

However, manual 3D cell culture workflows are often time-consuming, inconsistent, and error-prone, hindering their adoption for high-throughput drug screening. 

To expedite and standardize spheroid assays, automated 3D cell culture methods utilizing the CellXpress.ai Automated Cell Culture System have been developed. This system enables automation of the entire cell culture process, including automated processes for plating, media exchange, passaging and culture monitoring in response to compound treatment and endpoint assays.

The study discussed here outlines the automation of a colorectal cell culture workflow, specifically the culture and imaging of colorectal cancer 3D spheroids derived from HCT116 cell lines in U-shaped low-attachment plates.

HCT116 cells were expanded in two-dimensional culture, and spheroids were generated through automated dispensing of the cell suspension into U-shaped 96- or 384-well plates.

Following a 48-hour incubation, spheroids were treated with various anti-cancer compounds at multiple concentrations for 3–5 days, after which staining and imaging were conducted.

The processes of cell plating, compound addition, media exchange and staining were executed automatically by the CellXpress.ai system.

During the cell culture automation, spheroids were monitored using transmitted light to assess phenotypic changes, including growth inhibition and spheroid disintegration.

For the endpoint assay, spheroids were stained with a combination of Hoechst nuclear stain and viability dyes Calcein AM and EtHD. The spheroids were subsequently imaged and analyzed for size and live-dead cell scoring.

Additionally, ATP content was measured utilizing a CellTiter-Glo assay, with luminescent readouts obtained using the SpectraMax® iD3 Multi-Mode Microplate Reader.

A concentration-dependent decrease in ATP content was observed, as well as inhibition of spheroid growth and increased cell death in response to the anti-cancer compounds.

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Acknowledgments

Produced from material originally authored by Oksana Sirenko, Angeline Lim, Astrid Michlmayr, Emilie Keidel, Felix Spira, Krishna Macha and Cathy Olsen from Molecular Devices.

About Molecular Devices UK Ltd

Molecular Devices is one of the world’s leading providers of high-performance life science technology. We make advanced scientific discovery possible for academia, pharma, and biotech customers with platforms for high-throughput screening, genomic and cellular analysis, colony selection and microplate detection. From cancer to COVID-19, we've contributed to scientific breakthroughs described in over 230,000 peer-reviewed publications.

Over 160,000 of our innovative solutions are incorporated into laboratories worldwide, enabling scientists to improve productivity and effectiveness – ultimately accelerating research and the development of new therapeutics. Molecular Devices is headquartered in Silicon Valley, Calif., with best-in-class teams around the globe. Over 1,000 associates are guided by our diverse leadership team and female president that prioritize a culture of collaboration, engagement, diversity, and inclusion.

To learn more about how Molecular Devices helps fast-track scientific discovery, visit www.moleculardevices.com.


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Last updated: Jun 13, 2025 at 8:17 AM

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