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ADHD Epidemiology

The epidemiological rates for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) vary considerably throughout the world. This is thought to be due to environmental and behavioral changes, in addition to differences in diagnostic criteria used throughout the world.

5 Sep 2016

ADHD Pathophysiology

The exact pathophysiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is not clear. With this said, several mechanisms have been proposed as factors associated with the condition. These include abnormalities in the functioning of neurotransmitters, brain structure and cognitive function.

5 Sep 2016

Glomerulosclerosis - Hardening of Glomerulus in the Kidney

Glomerulosclerosis refers to the scarring of the glomeruli in the kidneys following any type of insult.

2 Sep 2016

How is Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Diagnosed?

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) is a condition caused by systemic inflammation of the body’s blood vessels. It is most common in childhood and is caused by an autoimmune phenomenon.

2 Sep 2016

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura - IgA Vasculitis

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) is an autoimmune disorder that is due to the production of autoantibodies against some of the body’s own antigens. It occurs most commonly in children between the ages of 2 and 11 years.

2 Sep 2016

Cutaneous Mucinoses

Mucinoses encompass a group of diverse skin disorders which can vary from minor cosmetic nuisances to potentially severe conditions involving internal organs. All involve the abnormal accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharide (mucin) either diffusely or locally in the skin or even within the hair follicles.

1 Sep 2016

What Does a Sentinel Node Biopsy Involve?

The sentinel node is the first lymph node that filters lymphatic fluid from the tissue surrounding a tumor. As the first node in the lymph circulatory system “downstream” from the tumor, this is more likely to show the presence of migrating tumor cells than any other.

1 Sep 2016

Sentinel Lymph Nodes

The lymphatic system is a specialized transport network in the body much like the circulatory system.

1 Sep 2016

Radial Scar Diagnosis and Management

Radial scars (RS) are benign, tumor-like lesions which are most commonly an incidental finding during mammography. When they are greater than 1 cm in diameter, they are referred to as complex sclerosing lesions. The recent widespread use of imaging techniques such as mammography has led to the identification of features characteristic of this lesion.

1 Sep 2016

Radial Scar of the Breast

Radial scar (RS) is a well-recognized radiological and pathological benign breast entity with specific characteristics. Generally, the term RS is assigned to such lesions less than 1 cm in diameter, whilst those that are 1 cm or larger are described as complex sclerosing lesions.

1 Sep 2016

What Does a Quadrantectomy Involve?

Following a diagnosis of breast cancer, the majority of women are likely to undergo some form of surgical procedure. The options usually offered are as follows...

1 Sep 2016

Preventing Toxocariasis

Because humans live with dogs and cats everywhere in the world, toxocariasis, which is an infection by dog and cat roundworms, is widespread globally.

1 Sep 2016

Palliative and End-of-Life Care in Lung Cancer

Palliative care is holistic care that is focused on helping patients with life-threatening or grave illnesses to achieve a better quality of life to the very end. It is aimed at averting or treating problems caused by the illness or its treatment, in the physical, emotional, social and spiritual spheres of the patient’s life, even if there is no prospect of a cure. It may be termed “comfort care”, because it aims at providing total support to the patient and the patient’s family and managing symptoms throughout the course of the disease.

1 Sep 2016

Brucellosis: Background, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease - a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Humans can become infected through contact with an infected animal, infected food, or inhalation. Four species of bacteria from the genus Brucella infect humans: B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, and B. suis.

1 Sep 2016

Toxocariasis: Background, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment

Toxocariasis is an infection by roundworm larvae from dogs (Toxocara canis) and cats (Toxocara cati). Roundworm eggs from the dog and cat feces are common in soil and sand at parks, public beaches, and other outdoor environments.

1 Sep 2016

Iris Nevus vs Melanoma

Iris tumors are not very common. They may be classified as solid or cystic tumors. Among the solid tumors, iris nevi and melanomas fall into the melanocytic tumor category. This also includes iris freckle, melanocytoma, and Lisch nodules.

31 Aug 2016

Iris Melanoma

An iris melanoma is part of the group of uveal tumors, which make up one of the most common eye tumors. These arise from the pigmented tissue inside the eye called the uvea. Iris melanomas are the least common among this type of tumor, comprising 4-5 per hundred uveal tumors.

31 Aug 2016

Choroidal Melanoma

The choroid in the eye is part of the uveal tract. This is made up of the colored iris, the ciliary body, and the choroid. All are rich in melanocytes, the specialized cells that produce melanin. This pigment is a dark-colored, light-absorbing particle.

31 Aug 2016

Punch Biopsy Results and Side Effects

Punch biopsies are a type of technique used on the skin to obtain tissue for microscopic and histopathological examination. A tube-shaped sharp cutting tool is rotated through the skin to the subcutaneous fat to obtain a cylindrical-shaped specimen. This sample undergoes tissue fixation, preparation of slides and staining for microscopy, or storage in solution for bacterial or viral cultures.

31 Aug 2016

Alport Syndrome Genetics and Inheritance

Alport syndrome is a condition that develops due to mutations in three different genes – COL4A3, COL4A4 and COL4A5. The reason that the syndrome has a significant impact on the kidneys is because all of these genes provide instructions that affect the type IV collagen in a protein present in the kidneys.

31 Aug 2016