Lack of self-examination is the major obstacle to early skin cancer detection in rural Western U.S.

Residents of rural, sparsely-populated "frontier counties" in the Western U.S. face higher incidents of skin cancer and related mortality rates. New research, conducted in part at Texas State University, indicates that the biggest obstacle to early detection and treatment is a chronic lack of self-examination.

Manusheela Pokharel, assistant professor in the Department of Communication Studies, co-authored the study with Jakob Jensen, associate dean for research, College of Humanities at the University of Utah, along with Andy King, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication at Iowa State University, Kevin John, School of Communications at Brigham Young University, and Yelena Wu and Douglas Grossman, both of the Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah. Their research, "Obstacles to skin self-examination: are frontier adults inclined abstainers," is published in the journal Psychology, Health and Medicine (https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/MTW3TD3NACZWW6G4FGEW/full).

The study sought to identify obstacles to skin self-examinations in these vulnerable populations. The surveyed population was classified into three categories: inclined actors, those actively performing SSE; inclined abstainers, individuals who intended to perform SSE, but failed to follow through; and disinclined abstainers, individuals who refused to perform SSE. Surprisingly, inclined abstainers made up a plurality – 43 percent – of those surveyed.

Frontier adults are not studied much. They are underrepresented and are a vulnerable population in the research because they live in remote areas with limited infrastructure, including medical care. What we have found is that a significant portion of people there can be categorized as inclined abstinence, which means these are the people who want to perform skin self-examination, but are not actually performing it because of various barriers."

Manusheela Pokharel, assistant professor, Department of Communication Studies, Texas State University

Compared to those who did follow through, inclined abstainers were more likely to be hindered by various barriers, including forgetting, letting other tasks get in the way of SSE and struggling to identify a good time or routine for SSE performance.

"When looking at the obstacles, a lot of these are things that we face in our life. We forget to do something, or think that other things are more important than this, not being able to find a way to put these things in our routine," Pokharel said. "The barriers to action for these inclined abstainers are modifiable and well-positioned for a behavioral intervention. Our research provides guidance as to what direction a public health initiative should go.

"Intervention and implementation efforts could be designed to target the inclined abstainers in these frontier areas. They are the low-hanging fruit," she said. "They also want to do it. It's easier to motivate these people than the disinclined ones. For a lot of them, performing skin examination is hard to remember, so a strategy could be for them to do it the first of every month – developing some type of ritual. Promoting those kind of things through interventions might yield positive results."