Key to controlling COVID-19 is early intervention

By Neha MathurNov 25 2021Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc.

New Zealand has experienced one of the lowest mortality rates among all countries during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To date, the country has reported 10,790 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and 41 deaths in total.

The country reported only 22 deaths from a total of 1,504 cases before successfully eliminating COVID-19 by June of 2020. In their endeavors to prevent a fatal outbreak, New Zealand implemented an alert level (AL) system that included stay-at-home orders and border restrictions. A delay in implementing these interventions would have drastically reduced their effectiveness and called for their continuance for an indefinite time.

Study design

A study published in the journal Royal Society Open Science demonstrates the critical role of timely intervention in New Zealand's success story. The researchers used a stochastic branching process model to simulate the trajectory of COVID-19 transmission and control during New Zealand's 2020 outbreak. They calculated the number of reported cases and deaths and the probability of elimination within a defined time frame.

Three classes of interventions chosen for the study were as follows: (i) self-isolation/home quarantine, (ii) government-managed isolation (MIQ) and quarantine, (iii) population-wide control. Only MIQ was assumed to be 100% effective in preventing onward transmission. Due to restrictions under each of the four ALs, the population-wide control intervention simulated a reduction in transmission rate by a factor C (t) at time t. While the relative transmission rate C (t) was equal to one in the absence of population-wide control, it had smaller values at higher ALs. Besides, higher ALs also resulted in a reduction in effective reproduction number (R_eff). Note that R_eff impacts the probability of extinction in a branching process and is related to the rate of exponential growth during the early phase of an outbreak.

The researchers explored seven scenarios during the study - scenarios 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The duration of each AL was the same in each scenario – 33 days at AL4 followed by 16 days at AL3.

Key findings in each scenario

In scenario 0, border closure and AL4 were implemented on the dates they actually occurred. In this scenario, the expected values of the key measures were the same as the observed values. In the AL4, the expected and the actual number of daily reported cases leveled off at 70–80 for around one week before declining again.

In scenario 1, wherein AL4 was implemented 5 days earlier, the actual values of most of the key measures were slightly lower than the observed values. The daily new cases peaked at 69 around 26 March and dropped again at the end of AL4. The findings from this scenario suggest that an infected individual is most infectious during AL3, where R_eff is higher and infects more people, on average, in this scenario than in scenario 0.

In scenario 2, where AL4 was delayed by 20 days, a higher peak in daily new cases and greater cumulative totals of cases and deaths were observed. In scenario 3, while border restrictions were imposed five days earlier, border closure and AL4 started on actual dates, which had little impact on the initial trajectory or eventual outbreak size. The values of all the key measures remained the same as in scenario 0 as they are more sensitive to variations in the timing of AL4 than the timing of border restrictions.

In scenario 4, border closure was delayed by five days to all, except the returning citizens. The key measures were only slightly worse compared with scenario 0. However, a delayed border closure greatly impacted the probability of elimination five weeks after AL3 restrictions were relaxed, which was only 55%, compared to 66% in scenario 0.

In scenario 5a, both the border restrictions and the AL4 were implemented five days earlier. The outcomes were similar to those predicted in scenario 1 (where only AL4 started early), reaffirming that they are more sensitive to changes in the timing of AL4 than to the timing of the border restrictions. In scenario 5b, both border closure and AL4 were delayed by five days. The results suggested that the impact of AL4 timing is higher than the impact of border closure timings in containing transmissions.

In scenario 6, border restrictions and border closure were implemented without implementing AL4/3. The results of this scenario demonstrated that border measures alone would have been inadequate to prevent an outbreak and those stringent AL4/3 restrictions were necessary for the elimination of widespread community transmission.

Overall, the results of the study point to two critical observations. First, the timing of AL4 strongly drives reductions in daily new cases as against the timings of border measures. This justifies using a study model designed to use the AL4 effect to reduce R_eff values to as low as 0.35 for all domestic and international arrivals. Second, of all the scenarios, the one in which AL4 was earlier by five days resulted in the highest reduction in cases and deaths as indicated by ~500 fewer cases in total and ten fewer deaths. 

Future directions

The study's results effectively demonstrate that the early intervention was critical to the successful control of New Zealand's March–April 2020 COVID-19 outbreak relative to alternative scenarios.

This one-of-its-kind early intervention strategy could help guide future response strategies. Hence, the inferences of this study should be factored in when designing models for future disease outbreaks besides updating epidemiological parameters to implement improved response plans and policies. This is further supported by the results showing that the degree of compliance with AL restrictions changes in the future will result in different R_eff values.

Further, the social dynamics affecting transmission and the effectiveness of interventions should be explored. That would make it easier to ascertain the impact of people wearing masks in public spaces or avoiding travel if a suspected new outbreak is reported.