Visualizing 3D microanatomy of human nipple to understand and fight breast cancer

Nipple-sparing mastectomy is gaining ground as a treatment or preventive measure for breast cancer, given the understandable desire among patients to preserve natural appearance as much as possible. But the precise risk of preserving the nipple is not known as the cancer can spread along mammary ducts and to the nipple. A three-dimensional picture of the nipple structure can elucidate much more clearly than conventional reconstructions whether, where, and how much the cancer has spread to the nipple.

Conventional reconstruction from multiple two-dimensional tissue slices is a laborious process, is invasive, and does not give a clear understanding of the 3D structure of the nipple. Thus, the search for better imaging techniques continues.

Recently, Associate Professor Sunaguchi from Nagoya University and his colleagues saw the potential of X-ray dark-field computed tomography (or XDFI-CT) as a promising alternative to existing nipple-exploration methods, such as needle biopsy or ductoscopy. XDFI-CT is a technique that can create a 3D rendering of a structure based on the distribution of its electron density and refractive index. Sunaguchi and team hypothesized that XDFI-CT could provide a 3D reconstruction of the human nipple that is at least as precise as images built from 2D slices, with the added benefit that the proposed approach leaves the nipple intact and therefore has wider applications.

In this study, which has been published in Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, we examined 51 human nipples by XDFI-CT and visualized the 3D arrangements of the nipple ducts."

Assoc. Prof. Naoki Sunaguchi, Nagoya University

First, XDFI-CT was used to obtain 2D sections of the nipple so as to compare them with conventional tissue sections observed through light microscopy. The results showed that the 2D CT slices were structurally compatible with the ones obtained through the conventional approach, giving a first demonstration of the capabilities of the method.

The CT-derived 2D slices were afterwards easily turned into full 3D renderings of the nipples, allowing the researchers to count the number of milk ducts and analyze the overall ductal structure, which varied from patient to patient. "Using 3D volume renderings of the 51 samples, we discovered three different types of duct arrangements," comments Assoc. Prof. Sunaguchi. These three types of arrangements were "convergent," in which the ducts converged in a bowl shape centered at the tip of the nipple; "straight." where the ducts grew parallelly from the base to the tip; and "divergent," where the ducts diverged as they came closer to the tip.

The findings of this study also provided evidence for "sick lobe theory," which postulates that non-invasive ductal carcinoma (DCIS) begins in a single mammary lobe. In one particular sample, the researchers noted that three seemingly separate ducts with DCIS converged into a single opening near the tip of the nipple, implying that the three DCIS-ridden ducts were derived from the same cancerous mammary lobe.

Overall, the proposed strategy is very promising not only for analyzing the structure of the nipple but also for scanning other soft tissues or organs. Though there are some technical limitations to currently implementing XDFI-CT for diagnostic or exploratory purposes, the approach employed in the present study will certainly become very relevant once these hurdles are overcome.