Study shows how coronavirus uses spike proteins to infiltrate cells of different animals

Humans, followed by ferrets and to lesser extent cats, civets and dogs are the most susceptible animals to SARS-CoV-2 infection, according to an analysis of ten different species carried out by researchers at the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), based in Barcelona.

The findings, published in PLOS Computational Biology, found that ducks, rats, mice, pigs, and chickens had lower or no susceptibility to infection compared to humans.

"Knowing which animals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 helps us prevent building up animal reservoirs from which the coronavirus can re-emerge at a later date," says Luis Serrano, ICREA Research Professor, Director of the CRG and senior author of the study.

"Our findings offer a clue for why minks - which are closely related to the ferret - are being infected by the disease, which is probably made worse by their packed living conditions and close contact with human workers."

"Though we also find a potential susceptibility to infection by cats, they don't co-exist with humans in the same conditions as other animals, which may explain why so far there are no known cases of people being infected by their pets," adds Dr. Serrano.

Ten species were studied in this paper. Five species - humans, cats, ferrets, civets, and dogs - have had documented cases of infection by SARS-CoV-2. There are no reports of infection in the other five species - mice, rats, pigs, chickens, and ducks.

The researchers used computer modeling to test how the coronavirus uses its spike proteins, which protrude from the surface of the virus, to infiltrate the cells of different animals.

The main point of entry on a cell's surface is the ACE2 receptor, which binds with the spike protein through a lock-and-key mechanism. There are many different variants of ACE2 within human populations and across different species.

Variants of the ACE2 receptor in humans followed by ferrets, cats, dogs, and civets have the highest binding affinities to the viral spike protein, while mice, rats, chickens, and ducks have poor binding energy.

However, binding affinity is not enough on its own to gage a cell's susceptibility to infection. The researchers also tested the different species' 'codon adaptation index' - which is how efficient the coronavirus is at commandeering a cell's machinery once it has entered. The more efficient the process, the better the coronavirus can create the proteins it needs to replicate.

Humans, chickens, and ducks have the highest codon adaptation index, while the other species are worse adapted.

Considering both binding affinity and the codon adaptation index, the researchers conclude that humans, followed by ferrets, cats, civets, and dogs are the most susceptible animals to infection by a coronavirus.

They also found that different human variants of ACE2 showed differences in stability and binding to the spike protein, a sensitivity that may underlie why some people suffer from severe COVID-19 symptoms.

We have identified mutations on the S-protein that dramatically reduces the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 to enter into the cell, protecting the host from catching Covid-19. We are now engineering mini-proteins from the human ACE2 protein to 'distract' the attention of the virus from entering cells and block infection. Should new mutations of the viral spike protein arise, we could engineer new variants to block them."

Javier Delgado, Study First Author and Researcher, Center for Genomic Regulation

Understanding SARS-CoV-2 infectivity across different species can better inform public health measures, helping reduce human contact with other susceptible animals and avoiding the potential prolongment of the COVID-19 pandemic.