The replicative ability and pathogenicity of Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 isolates in hamsters

By Tarun Sai LomteJul 8 2022Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc.

In a recent study posted to Research Square*, researchers characterized the clinical isolates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron BA.4 and BA.5.

This news article was a review of a preliminary scientific report that had not undergone peer-review at the time of publication. Since its initial publication, the scientific report has now been peer reviewed and accepted for publication in a Scientific Journal. Links to the preliminary and peer-reviewed reports are available in the Sources section at the bottom of this article. View Sources

Background

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) has quickly spread globally since its emergence in November 2021. Five sub-lineages of Omicron (BA.1 to BA.5) have been identified. BA.2 has been reportedly the most prevalent variant in many regions; still, BA.4 and BA.5 are prevalent in Botswana, South Africa, and Portugal.

The BA.4 and BA.5 variants harbor additional mutations (L452R, F486V, R493Q, and 69-70del) in the spike protein compared to BA.1/BA.2. Studies have demonstrated that L452R substitution enhanced the viral infectivity and fusogenicity in Omicron and previous variants. Reports suggest that pathogenicity and infectivity of BA.4/5 variants might be greater than those of BA.1/2.

The study and findings

In the present study, researchers investigated the pathogenicity and replicative capacity of authentic BA.4 and BA.5 in animal models. Omicron variants were isolated from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). First, they tested the pathogenicity in wild-type (WT) Syrian hamsters. The animals were infected with 10⁵ plaque-forming units (PFU) of BA.4 or BA.5. The animals were separately inoculated with clinical isolates of Delta (B.1.617.2) and BA.2 variants.

Delta infection caused a significant body weight loss seven days post-infection (dpi). In contrast, almost all those infected with BA.4/5 gained weight over the study period, similar to BA.2-infected hamsters. Next, hamsters were infected with the four isolates individually to examine the infection levels in their respiratory tracts. Animals were euthanized at 3 and 6 dpi to harvest nasal turbinates and lungs. Viral titers were quantified using plaque assays on Vero E6 cells.

BA.2, BA.4, or BA.5 replication was observed in lungs and nasal turbinates by 3 dpi without significant differences in the viral titers of the Omicron variants. However, viral titers in the lungs/nasal turbinates of Delta-infected animals were significantly higher than those infected with Omicron variants. The viral titers in the lungs of BA.4-infected animals were significantly lower than those of Delta-infected hamsters at 6 dpi.

Furthermore, the authors repeated the earlier investigations using transgenic hamsters expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Delta infection resulted in significant weight loss; all animals succumbed by 5 dpi. Contrastingly, all animals inoculated with BA.4/5 survived. Viral titers in the lungs and nasal turbinates of BA.4/5-infected hamsters were significantly lower than those of the Delta-infected group.

The histopathological assessments revealed that animals infected with Omicron variants had no inflammation in the alveolar region or peripheral airways at 3 dpi. By 6 dpi, inflammatory cells like neutrophils and mononuclear cells infiltrated into the peribronchiolar and peribronchial regions of hamsters infected with BA.2/4/5. Moreover, pneumonia was not evident at either timepoint. On the other hand, Delta-infected animals exhibited peribronchiolar/peribronchial inflammation by 3 dpi.

Infiltration of inflammatory cells into alveolar regions was prominent by 6 dpi in Delta-infected animals. Viral RNA distribution in Omicron-infected animals was comparable. Further, 10 WT hamsters were inoculated with a 1:1 mix of BA.2 and BA.4 at 2 x 10⁵ PFU. Lungs and nasal turbinates were harvested at 2 and 4 dpi. Next-generation sequencing was performed, and each variant’s proportion was estimated based on differences between the two variants across five spike regions.

BA.4 proportion was marginally higher in the nasal turbinates and lungs at 2 dpi than in the inoculum. At 4 dpi, BA.4 proportion increased in the nasal turbinates in all infected animals, but the proportional increase in lungs was evident in only two animals. Similar experiments were performed using BA.2 and BA.5. The authors noted that the proportion of the BA.5 variant in the nasal turbinates was higher at 2 and 4 dpi. Comparable results were obtained with lung specimens in all hamsters except for one animal at 2 dpi.

Conclusions

The study revealed that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 variants were less pathogenic than Delta variant but comparable to Omicron BA.2 in WT and transgenic hamsters. These results contradicted the findings of an earlier study which reported higher pathogenicity of BA.4/5 than BA.2. Notably, given the apparent lack of clinical data, it needs to be investigated whether the attenuated pathogenicity of BA.4/5 in hamsters would reflect in humans too.

This news article was a review of a preliminary scientific report that had not undergone peer-review at the time of publication. Since its initial publication, the scientific report has now been peer reviewed and accepted for publication in a Scientific Journal. Links to the preliminary and peer-reviewed reports are available in the Sources section at the bottom of this article. View Sources