New organoid model could revolutionize neuroendocrine tumor research

The Organoid Group (Hubrecht Institute) and the Rare Cancers Genomics Team (IARC/WHO) found a way to grow samples of different types of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in the lab. While generating their new model, the researchers discovered that some pulmonary NETs need the protein EGF to be able to grow. These types of tumors may therefore be treatable using inhibitors of the EGF receptor. The results were published in Cancer Cell on 11 December 2023.

Neuroendocrine tumors

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are relatively rare tumors that can be slow-growing. However, some NETs can be aggressive and hard to treat. It is not yet possible to predict which tumors will become aggressive. There are very few models to study NETs in the lab, which limits research into this type of tumor.

New disease model

Researchers from the Organoid Group (Hubrecht Institute) and the Rare Cancers Genomics Team (IARC/WHO) therefore set out to develop new models to study NETs. They derived cells from patients with NETs and were able to culture them into 3D structures called organoids. These organoids mimic the behavior of actual NETs and can therefore be used to study this type of tumor in the lab. The new model is the first organoid model of the disease.

Growth factor

While generating the organoids, the researchers found that some pulmonary NETs need a protein called the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) to grow. "If we inhibit the receptor for EGF, some organoids die. Apparently, these organoids are dependent on EGF for their survival," says Talya Dayton, co-first author on the paper published in Cancer Cell. "We need further research to confirm our findings, but this may indicate that patients with EGF-dependent NETs could be treated with inhibitors of the EGF receptor." Inhibitors of the EGF receptor are already a course of treatment for other types of tumors.

Aggressive tumors

Tumors are usually thought to be independent of growth factors. That some NETs turn out to be dependent on the growth factor EGF is therefore surprising. "We think that their EGF-dependence might explain, in part, why some of these tumors grow slowly. We also think this might mean that one of the ways in which NETs can become aggressive is by becoming growth-factor independent. If they no longer need the growth factor, their growth may accelerate" Dayton explains.

Potential new therapy

The newly developed model for NETs provides a new way to study the disease in the lab. Dayton: "This allows us and other scientists to understand the biology of these tumors so we can hopefully find effective therapies." Although further research is needed, the model already points to a new route of treatment for patients with pulmonary NETs.