School connectedness protects adolescents from depression linked to bullying

School connectedness buffers against depression symptoms associated with being a victim of peer bullying in adolescence, according to a study published in BMC Public Health. School connectedness was measured by the degrees of inclusiveness, closeness, happiness and safety of adolescents within the school environment.

We found that peer bullying during adolescence was associated with higher anxiety and depression symptoms than peer bullying experiences during childhood. This finding might be due in part to the heightened social sensitivity of adolescents to their peers and the significant influence of peer relationships amongst teenagers than children. Likewise, we saw that school connectedness was more protective against depression in teens than in younger children."

Nia Heard-Garris, MD, MBA, MSc, co-author, pediatrician and researcher at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

"Our results highlight the importance of promoting school connectedness, especially among adolescents," she added. "Teachers can foster peer support by encouraging students to learn more about each other and incorporating collaborative projects into the curriculum to better enable groups of students to work together."

The study included data on 2,175 adolescents. Participants were representative of births in large U.S. cities during 1998 – 2000. Researchers focused on ages 9 and 15 to assess the psychological effects of peer bullying and the potential protective measures. The primary aim was to examine peer bullying victimization experiences in childhood (i.e., prior), adolescence (i.e., recent), and in both periods (i.e., cumulative, or long-term).

"Previous studies examining bullying victimization and health outcomes among children and youth have often measured bullying victimization at a single time point, neglecting the potential cumulative effects of bullying across childhood," said Dr. Heard-Garris. "Our study adds to the current literature by simultaneously considering cumulative bullying experiences and the buffering effect of school connectedness."

Nearly 12 percent of participants reported experiencing bullying at both ages 9 and 15, while 43 percent experienced bullying at age 9 alone, 5.7 percent experienced bullying at age 15 only, and close to 40 percent reported having had no experiences with bullying at either age.

"Although our data shows that bullying was more common during childhood, adolescence emerged as the more vulnerable period in terms of psychological distress," said Dr. Heard-Garris. "Future studies should consider whether the influences of peer bullying in adolescence persist in early, middle and late adulthood."