Expert guidelines for fungal endophthalmitis in the Asia-Pacific region

Fungal eye infections affect millions globally, with an especially high incidence in South and Southeast Asia. Yet, unlike bacterial infections, fungal endophthalmitis lacks standardized diagnostic or therapeutic protocols because of its low frequency, variable clinical presentation, and limited clinical trial data. Misdiagnosis or delayed treatment often results in irreversible blindness. Furthermore, emerging antifungal resistance and the absence of universal testing standards add to the complexity. Based on these challenges, a coordinated regional and international effort was urgently needed to identify controversies, unify diagnostic definitions, and develop best-practice guidelines for clinical management of fungal endophthalmitis.

A research consortium led by the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-Retina Society (APVRS), the Academy of the Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO), and the Asia-Pacific Society of Ocular Inflammation and Infection (APSOII) has published (DOI: 10.1186/s40662-025-00456-y) a comprehensive set of 20 consensus statements on fungal endophthalmitis in Eye and Vision on October 2025. The statements, developed by 24 experts from 12 countries, reconcile differing clinical opinions on early diagnosis, antifungal strategies, vitrectomy procedures, and the contentious role of corticosteroids, providing the first region-wide consensus for this rare yet vision-threatening infection.

The consensus project, coordinated by Professors Taraprasad Das and Dennis S. C. Lam, synthesized decades of clinical data and expert experience to form guidelines spanning five domains: disease entity, clinical diagnosis, pathobiology, treatment, and future development. Key agreements included: fungal infections typically present later than bacterial infections; Aspergillus, Candida, and Fusarium are the dominant pathogens; and immunocompromised patients are at highest risk. Early vitrectomy was strongly endorsed to reduce fungal load and improve drug penetration, while combined intravitreal, systemic, and topical antifungal administration was recommended for optimal outcomes. Cutting-edge molecular methods - such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and MALDI-TOF - were recognized as critical for culture-negative cases. However, expert opinions diverged on corticosteroid use, with only 25 % supporting intravitreal dexamethasone due to risks of immune suppression. Future guidelines emphasize antifungal stewardship, biomarker assays like 1,3 β-D-glucan and galactomannan for rapid detection, and the integration of new agents such as olorofim and terbinafine for drug-resistant infections.

Fungal endophthalmitis is often underrecognized and under-reported, yet its impact on vision can be catastrophic. By uniting regional expertise and real-world experience, we have established a consensus framework that bridges the gap between evidence and practice. These guidelines offer clinicians a structured decision pathway - emphasizing rapid diagnosis, targeted antifungal use, and cautious surgery - to save vision where delay often means irreversible blindness."

Professor Taraprasad Das, lead author and vitreoretinal specialist 

The newly established consensus represents a turning point for clinicians worldwide, especially in resource-limited regions. By standardizing diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols, it provides an actionable reference for ophthalmologists facing complex fungal infections. The adoption of molecular diagnostics and antifungal stewardship programs will enhance early detection and slow resistance evolution. Beyond clinical application, the consensus highlights the urgent need for global surveillance and collaborative research on emerging pathogens like Candida auris. Together, these recommendations lay the groundwork for future multicenter trials and improved patient outcomes in fungal endophthalmitis management.