Study reveals sex-differences in aging of the brain stem cell niche

Ageing and age-related brain disease do not affect women and men in the same way. The adult brain constantly generates new brain cells called neurons from stem cells, a process called neurogenesis. This process is important for learning and cognitive function which declines as the brain ages.

Multiplex imaging of a mouse 3D adult neural stem cell niche stained to reveal blood vessels (red), glia and progenitor cells (green) and young neurons (turquoise). Computer based analysis of these images from males and females has revealed sex-differences in aging of the stem cell niche. Image credit: Yue Wang, Xiuli Zhao and Eric Wait

Neurogenesis has been extensively studied in animals, but most studies have looked at male animals, raising the question of whether age-related decline in neurogenesis affects both sexes in the same way. To address this, researchers Sally Temple, PhD ([email protected]), Kristen Zuloga, PhD ([email protected]) and colleagues have now compared neurogenic brain regions in male and female mice in a recent study published in Stem Cell Reports.

The research focused on blood vessels, which are known to regulate brain stem cell activity and to guide the migration of newborn neurons in the brain. Unexpectedly, blood vessels of abnormal shape and increased density were abundant in aged male mice, but much less so in aged female mice. Further, brain stem cells were less frequent and had less contact with blood vessels in aged male mice compared to female mice.

Researchers found that although numbers of newly generated neurons were comparable between the sexes, migration of newborn neurons, a process where new neurons move along pre-defined paths to their destination area in the brain, was much more disorganized in aged male mice compared to female mice. This difference could be attributable to the higher percentage of distorted blood vessels found in aged males.

Collectively, these data suggest that ageing-related changes to stem cells and blood vessels in the brain are more pronounced in male animals. Possible causes for these differences by sex, such as hormonal or genetic influences and their impact on brain function and disease related to ageing, require further investigation.