Study identifies extremely potent monoclonal antibodies that neutralized multiple sarbecoviruses

In a recent article published in the Science Translational Medicine Journal, researchers longitudinally isolated immensely potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from macaques vaccinated with monovalent subunit coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines adjuvanted with a squalene oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant AS03.

These mAbs neutralized multiple sarbecoviruses and all severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, including Omicron sublineages BA.1 to BA.5, XBB, BQ.1, and BQ.1.1.

Study: Broadly neutralizing antibodies against sarbecoviruses generated by immunization of macaques with an AS03-adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine. Image Credit: MattL_Images/Shutterstock.comStudy: Broadly neutralizing antibodies against sarbecoviruses generated by immunization of macaques with an AS03-adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine. Image Credit: MattL_Images/Shutterstock.com

Background

Sarbecoviruses have caused three outbreaks among humans in the past two decades, of which the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was the worst. It claimed over 6.8 million lives by 2023 despite widespread population-level immunity.

Omicron variant and its sublineages most severely challenged the current COVID-19 vaccination strategies, thanks to their exceptional immune-evasion potential. Studies showed that mRNA monovalent vaccines had efficacy below 50% during the recent BA.4/5 waves, which a fourth booster shot could transiently and minimally improve.

Moreover, all available mAb therapies failed to combat Omicron subvariants, highlighting the urgent need for next-generation vaccines and mAbs with much-higher protective breadth.

About the study

In the present study, researchers investigated the evolutionary trajectory of the memory B cell (MBC) responses in rhesus macaques vaccinated with the AS03-adjuvanted subunit vaccine over 1.5 years, using samples from a previous study that benchmarked clinically relevant adjuvants for their capacity to enhance the protective immunity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

The previous study had two cohorts comprising five and six male rhesus macaques (M. Mulatta), respectively.

The former group received a prime-boost regimen of two receptor-binding domain-nanoparticle (RBD-NP) doses with the AS03 adjuvant on days zero and 21. Likewise, the six animals in the latter group received two doses of the AS03 adjuvanted HexaPro-NP vaccine.

The team measured the difference between any two groups at one-time points and different time points using a Mann-Whitney unpaired rank sum test and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), respectively; a two-tailed chi-square test measured the difference between different categories.

In addition, they performed a serological assessment of the 15 most potent mAbs isolated between three weeks and six months after the primary vaccination. Furthermore, the team conducted an extensive structural analysis of some of the isolated mAbs and demonstrated their efficacy in mice.

During structural analysis, they determined crystal structures of mAbs: 25F9, 20A7, and 21B6, and their mode of binding to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 at resolutions of 3.05, 2.58, and 1.75 angstroms (Å), respectively.

Results and conclusion

The vaccines adjuvanted with AS03 provided long-lasting protection against Omicron challenge in all test animals used in this study.

The magnitude of protection was 100% after six weeks of priming and six months after the boosting. The latter indicated a rapid evolution of broad antibody repertoire encoded in the antigen-specific memory B cells (MBCs).

The authors noted that this vaccine elicited a progressive antibody evolution with greater breadth and more potency over a 12-month follow-up, and antigen-antibody complexes on dendritic cells (DCs) likely drove this phenomenon.

Nearly 4.4% of 338 mAbs isolated between 1.4 to six months following primary vaccination had good potency against SARS-CoV-2 BA.1. Seven broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnAbs) showed potent neutralization against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain, Wuhan-Hu1, with under ten ng/ml of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50).

They also neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants that emerged before Omicron without any notable decline in potency.

Four mAbs, 25F9, 21B6, 20A7, and 27A12, neutralized Omicron BA.1 with IC50 values of 42, 11, six, and five ng/ml, respectively. Whereas 27A12 demonstrated a slight reduction in neutralizing activity against other Omicron sublineages, BA.2 to BA.5, XBB, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, and XBB 20A7 showed some reduced neutralizing activity against a Pangolin strain.

Yet, among all other tested mAbs, 25F9 and 20A7 showed the most potent neutralizing activity against all SARS-CoV-2 variants and multiple Omicron sublineages, which could make them promising prophylactic candidates against sarbecovirus infection.

Strikingly, 25F9 neutralized authentic clade one sarbecoviruses and provided broad protection against infection in mice, highlighting its clinical utility. Additionally, 20A7 showed good neutralizing activity against pseudotyped clade three sarbecoviruses.

As observed in several previous studies, most mAbs, including ADG20, DH1047, S2X259, 20A7, and SA55, targeted the same region in the RBD, viz., RBS-D/CR3022. While ADG20, DH1047, and S2X259 mAbs lost neutralization potency against Omicron and its sublineages, 20A7 and SA55 remained resistant to all Omicron subvariants.

Nonetheless, this finding highlighted that this RBD region with the potential to elicit broad and potent mAbs could provide insights for next-generation vaccine design.

Notably, several structural factors affect the loss or resistance of neutralization potency of mAbs, such as approaching angles towards an epitope. Similarly, dependence on specific amino acid residues in the epitope affects the binding of mAbs.

Journal reference:
Neha Mathur

Written by

Neha Mathur

Neha is a digital marketing professional based in Gurugram, India. She has a Master’s degree from the University of Rajasthan with a specialization in Biotechnology in 2008. She has experience in pre-clinical research as part of her research project in The Department of Toxicology at the prestigious Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India. She also holds a certification in C++ programming.

Citations

Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

  • APA

    Mathur, Neha. (2023, May 12). Study identifies extremely potent monoclonal antibodies that neutralized multiple sarbecoviruses. News-Medical. Retrieved on December 02, 2024 from https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230512/Study-identifies-extremely-potent-monoclonal-antibodies-that-neutralized-multiple-sarbecoviruses.aspx.

  • MLA

    Mathur, Neha. "Study identifies extremely potent monoclonal antibodies that neutralized multiple sarbecoviruses". News-Medical. 02 December 2024. <https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230512/Study-identifies-extremely-potent-monoclonal-antibodies-that-neutralized-multiple-sarbecoviruses.aspx>.

  • Chicago

    Mathur, Neha. "Study identifies extremely potent monoclonal antibodies that neutralized multiple sarbecoviruses". News-Medical. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230512/Study-identifies-extremely-potent-monoclonal-antibodies-that-neutralized-multiple-sarbecoviruses.aspx. (accessed December 02, 2024).

  • Harvard

    Mathur, Neha. 2023. Study identifies extremely potent monoclonal antibodies that neutralized multiple sarbecoviruses. News-Medical, viewed 02 December 2024, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230512/Study-identifies-extremely-potent-monoclonal-antibodies-that-neutralized-multiple-sarbecoviruses.aspx.

Comments

The opinions expressed here are the views of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of News Medical.
Post a new comment
Post

While we only use edited and approved content for Azthena answers, it may on occasions provide incorrect responses. Please confirm any data provided with the related suppliers or authors. We do not provide medical advice, if you search for medical information you must always consult a medical professional before acting on any information provided.

Your questions, but not your email details will be shared with OpenAI and retained for 30 days in accordance with their privacy principles.

Please do not ask questions that use sensitive or confidential information.

Read the full Terms & Conditions.

You might also like...
Reinstating masking curbs hospital viral outbreaks, study confirms