Cold plasma inactivates SARS-CoV-2
Understanding the transmission of the virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is crucial to control the spread of the COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan in China, and within a few months, it has spread worldwide, claiming the lives of over 979,000 individuals and infecting over 32 million to date. Excluding Antarctica, no continent is spared from the debilitating effects of this virus.
It is known that the SARS-CoV-2 infectious virions are viable on various surfaces for several hours. This is one of the primary ways by which high viral transmission leading to human infections is occurring. It presents an opportunity to break the transmission cycle by developing effective inactivation approaches.
Many studies are conducted to establish the transmission of this virus: how does it spread, how long does it survive without a host, what happens upon various decontamination efforts, etc. In one such effort, Zhitong Chen et al., in a recent medRxiv* preprint paper find that by employing an efficient cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) with argon feed gas on different surfaces inactivates the infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Plasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter (i.e., solid, liquid, gas, and plasma). It comprises of gas of ions – atoms which have some of their orbital electrons removed – and free electrons that behave somewhat similar to the cellular components bound by blood plasma - hence the name. CAP operating at atmospheric pressure and room temperature is safe for treating a highly contaminated range of surfaces. Different features on the surface do not affect the efficiency of the treatment. The action of CAP is due to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). It is known that CAP (ionized gas produced at atmospheric pressure) could be used in biomedical applications to prevent superinfections, especially in hospitals, helping patients to avoid secondary or opportunistic infections.
This team from the University of California employed argon (Ar)-fed CAP treatments to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 on various surfaces. They used plastic, metal, cardboard, basketball composite leather, football leather, and baseball leather surfaces for the test. The CAP device consisted of one powered needle electrode and another grounded outer ring electrode, connected to a high voltage transformer. They developed this using a 3D printer at UCLA. Using optical emission spectroscopy, the authors show the presence of CAP-generated ROS and RNS (such as nitric oxide [NO], nitrogen cation [N2+], atomic oxygen [O], and hydroxyl radicals [•OH]) species.
A time-dependent study on different surfaces was carried out. The discharge voltage for the feeding gases is reported at 16.6 kV at 12.5 kHz frequency. The rate of inactivation was tested in titer of recovered SARS-CoV-2 assessed in Vero-E6 cells, testing for viral cytopathic effect.
In less than 3 minutes, Ar-fed CAP treatment inactivated all SARS-CoV-2 virus on the surfaces, with excellent decontamination time, at 30 seconds of exposure, on metal and leather football surfaces. Plastic surfaces showed virus inactivation in 30 and 60-second treatments, whereas cardboard and basketball surfaces exhibited inactivation in 60 seconds.
The authors also tested the virus inactivation on cotton cloth material used for face masks, observing similar results. It is important to note that in place of Ar-fed plasma, when the authors used He-fed plasma, the disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 on metal and plastic surfaces did not occur, even at 300 seconds.
This study throws important light on the successful disinfection method of a wide range of surfaces commonly touched by people daily – the Ar-fed CAP treatment is effective in this objective. Therefore, this method has great potential in the prevention of virus transmission and curbing the disease. The cold plasma is significantly safer than most other treatments such as alcohol and UV radiation; therefore, this method has great potential as a safe and effective means to control virus transmission.
CAP can render SARS-CoV-2 harmless on the surfaces. The authors report this study to be the first one to demonstrate plasma inactivation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus – a significant milestone for the biotech community. The authors believe this work opens a wide range of opportunities for the scientific, engineering, and medical communities. Further investigations need to be initiated to carry on the study to the next level.
*Important Notice
medRxiv publishes preliminary scientific reports that are not peer-reviewed and, therefore, should not be regarded as conclusive, guide clinical practice/health-related behavior, or treated as established information.
- Cold plasma for SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation, Zhitong Chen, Gustavo Garcia Jr., Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami, Richard E. Wirz, medRxiv 2020.09.17.20192872; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.17.20192872
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