Scientists from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) have developed a tiny seed-sized robot that can navigate across soft and uneven surfaces to perform five surgical functions wirelessly, paving the way for developing robots to make surgeries and medical treatments more precise.
The miniature robot, measuring just 4.4 mm in length and controlled by weak magnetic fields, can move, cut biological tissues, release drugs, grip and store tissue samples, or generate heat remotely at any one time. It takes under a second to switch between these functions.
Led by Associate Professor Lum Guo Zhan from NTU's School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (MAE), the work was recently published in the academic journal Advanced Materials.
Using magnetic coils in the laboratory to remotely control the robot, the team was able to make the robot deploy different tools and perform different functions, such as activating a tiny blade to cut through tissue, or emitting heat to a targeted area, which could be relevant for approaches being studied that use heat for cancer treatment.
"Most magnetic robots like this can perform only one or two functions. Our latest invention can now do five, and our long-term goal is for doctors to use these mini robots in the body, navigate them to a targeted location, and use them to perform treatments," said Assoc Prof Lum, who is a pioneer in miniature robots made from soft, flexible materials.
Mini robots are being studied worldwide as a possible way to make minimally invasive surgical and medical procedures safer, less painful and more precise.
Such devices could one day allow doctors to carry out targeted surgeries deep inside the body without large cuts or bulky surgical instruments.
Overcoming a key robotics challenge
To fit multiple functions into a robot only a few millimetres long, the NTU team developed a device for controlling movements that is activated by magnetic fields and which can be reprogrammed in under a second.
The robot is made from soft magnetic materials, including PDMS and Ecoflex, which are silicone-based materials commonly used in soft robotics as they are flexible and can be shaped into small structures.
These materials are embedded with magnetic microparticles measuring 5 micrometres each, allowing different parts of the robot to respond to magnetic fields.
At the center of the device is a magnetic module that can be magnetized, demagnetized and remagnetized in different directions.
Each magnetic orientation activates a different function of the robot, allowing the same mobile robot to perform five different functions, including cutting and grasping tissues.
The researchers also engineered different regions of the robot to ensure that only one part, but not the rest, responds to the same magnetic field.
This means that only one part of the robot reacts to a magnetic field to change its shape to activate a tool or function, while other parts remain still and unchanged in their current forms, addressing a major limitation in miniature magnetic robots.
At small scales, magnetic fields often affect the entire device at once, causing it to behave like a single magnet, with all parts reacting to a magnetic field, thus limiting how precisely it can move or activate different tools.
Most miniature magnetic robots are also limited to five degrees of freedom. They can only move along three axes and rotate in two directions.
The NTU robot adds a sixth movement, rolling, which allows it to spin around its own long axis. This gives the robot finer control over how it can be positioned, which is important for navigating narrow, soft and irregular spaces, such as those inside the body.
Unlike slime-like mini robots, the NTU robot has a solid but flexible body, making it sturdier and easier to retrieve after use.
Tested on biological tissues
The NTU team tested the robot's surgical functions using biological tissue models, including chicken liver, as well as gelatin-based materials that simulate soft tissue.
In laboratory tests, the robot cut through biological tissues, dispensing particles simulating drug particles, gripped and stored tissue samples, and generated localised heat after being induced by magnetic fields.
To produce heat, the researchers exposed the robot to a high-frequency alternating magnetic field. This caused magnetic materials inside the device to generate heat remotely, in an approach relevant to magnetic hyperthermia methods being explored in cancer treatment.
The team also evaluated the biocompatibility of the robot's materials by exposing them to human skin cells under laboratory conditions.
More than 99 per cent of the cells remained viable after exposure to the robot's materials, similar to the control group, suggesting that the materials were largely non-toxic under the experimental conditions.
The team - including NTU's MAE alumnae Dr Chelsea Shan Xian Ng and Ms Yu Xuan Yeoh, and current PhD student Nicholas Yong Wei Foo, who are co-authors of the research - is now exploring how future versions could be combined with imaging technologies, sensing systems and clinically realistic artificial organ models that better mimic the physical behaviour of human tissues.
Assoc Prof Lum is also working with surgeons to understand how mini robotic systems could eventually fit into real clinical workflows.
"For these robots to move closer to practical use, we need to understand not just how they work in the lab, but how they could be guided, monitored and controlled in realistic medical settings," he added.
Giving independent comments, Dr Yeong Leong Litt, Leonard, Senior Consultant from the Division of Neurology at the National University Hospital, said: "These millimeter-scale magnetically guided robots are truly remarkable in their ability to traverse complicated environments and then perform a variety of tasks such as deliver medication to a location, perform biopsies and administer therapeutic heat remotely. I can envision that they have the potential to replace many aspects of interventional radiological surgery and become a new mode of therapy in medicine."
The research project took seven years and was supported by the NTU Start-up Grant, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), and NHG Group.
A technology disclosure on this innovation has been filed through NTUitive, the University's innovation and enterprise company.
Vitamin C may reduce cancer-linked digestive chemical reactions