Scientists discover genetic causes underlying group of related infant cancers

The genetic causes of a group of related infant cancers have been discovered by scientists at the Wellcome Sanger Institute, the University of Wuerzburg and their collaborators. Whole genome sequencing of tumors revealed mutations which are targetable by existing drugs used to treat lung cancer and melanoma.

The results, published today (18 June) in Nature Communications have implications for clinical practice and the diagnosis of rare cancers in infants, and could lead to new, targeted treatment options for these children.

Each year in the UK, over 100 infants under the age of one are diagnosed with rare cancerous tumors in their soft tissues. One of these soft tissue cancers, known as congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN), is the most common kidney tumor diagnosed in early infancy. Occasionally spotted as a lump in utero during an ultrasound scan, these tumors are diagnosed definitively after birth. Treatment involves surgical removal of the tumor and sometimes chemotherapy, both of which can damage surrounding tissues at a critical time in life.

The genetic causes underlying these infant cancers are unclear, with over 30 per cent of cases of CMN having no known genetic changes driving the cancer.

In a new study using samples from archives in Germany and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, scientists from the Wellcome Sanger Institute and their collaborators sequenced the whole genomes and transcriptomes of 17 CMN tumors, and extended their findings to a total of 350 cases, including CMN and five related soft tissue tumor types: infantile fibrosarcoma (IFS), nephroblastomatosis, Wilms tumor, malignant rhabdoid tumor and clear cell sarcoma of the kidney.

Researchers discovered at least one, if not two genetic changes in each of the tumors that were driving the cancer. In particular, the genetic data revealed mutations in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in CMN tumors, and both CMN and IFS tumors had mutations in the BRAF gene.

The EGFR mutation identified is targeted by an existing EGFR inhibitor drug called afatinib, used to treat lung cancer, whereas drugs designed to treat melanoma skin cancer target BRAF. It is possible that these existing drugs could help infants with soft tissue tumors, based on their mutations.

Dr Sam Behjati, co-lead author from the Wellcome Sanger Institute and University of Cambridge, said: "We have discovered new diagnostic markers for soft tissue cancers in infants, including CMN, in which the genetic cause of the disease was unknown in one third of patients. These results indicate which existing drugs could be used to help children overcome these tumors in infancy."

Dr Grace Collord, co-first author from the Wellcome Sanger Institute and University of Cambridge, said: "Sequencing the whole genomes and transcriptomes of these related cancers showed that while anatomically these cancers appear different, genetically they are very similar. We found mutations affecting EGFR and BRAF, both of which are targets for existing drugs. If infants with very large soft tissue tumors could be treated with these targeted agents, there's a chance it could shrink the tumor enough that the necessary surgery would be less damaging."

Professor Manfred Gessler, co-lead author from the University of Wuerzburg, said: "Genomics is changing how we do health research. The genetic diagnostic markers discovered in this study can be readily integrated into routine clinical practice to give confident diagnoses and match patients with soft tissue tumors to the most appropriate clinical trial, helping to make the trials more effective and ultimately help these children."